International Criminal Law
10
prosecutorial authorities to assume direct action. Similarly, contemporary treaties
have allowed few or no reservations
34
and have refused contracting States the ability
to characterise offences within the framework of a convention as politically or
ideologically motivated.
35
This has deprived States of the ability otherwise to refuse
extradition and has created a large degree of uniformity as regards the
mens rea
of
international offences. Finally, through bilateral and multilateral mutual legal
assistance agreements, it has become possible to communicate evidence and other
documentation facilitating criminal prosecution between two or more States, as has
the process of transferring judicial proceedings across two jurisdictions.
The threefold objective of ICL, that is, to prevent, prosecute and punish offenders,
must ultimately be beneficial to all people. If international criminal justice does not
serve this purpose, it will have failed.Although the UN has persistently taken a contrary
view,
36
should an independent and impartial Truth and Reconciliation Commission
that has the potential to restore trust and facilitate redevelopment in a shattered
community be used as an alternative to criminal prosecutions? If there is even one
such instance available, it must not be denied to fulfil that perspective. Since the aim
of criminal justice is not only to punish the culprit, but to restore law and order, other
supplementary mechanisms should be allowed to function alongside. In the
Plavsic
case, the accused was co-President of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
between February and May 1992, occupying thereafter other significant posts within
the Bosnian Serb leadership. Having been informed of an indictment against her, she
surrendered to the ICTY and entered a guilty plea with regard to a wide range of
crimes against humanity.A number of mitigating factors were set out by Plavsic, among
which was that her unequivocal guilty plea, surrender and acceptance of responsibility
contributed to the establishment of truth and was a significant effort towards the
advancement of reconciliation. The Trial Chamber went to great pains to demonstrate
that the process of reconciliation was one of its primary aims, besides retribution, and
that the accused’s full disclosure and acceptance of responsibility facilitates the purpose
and processes of reconciliation, thus indeed constituting a mitigating factor.
37
As will become evident in other chapters, the UN is opposed to blanket immunities
and not to truth commissions in general. Moreover, the aforementioned threefold
objective of ICL is served not only through State action, but also through the efforts
of private organisations. These efforts relate solely to preventive action, since
prosecution and punishment constitute exclusively public functions. Private
34
1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical
Weapons and on Their Destruction, Art 22, 32 ILM (1993), 804; 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of
the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, Art
19, 320 IRRC (1997), 563; 1998 ICC Statute, Art 120.
35
See, eg, 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Art 8, 860 UNTS 105;
1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Art 8,
974 UNTS 177; 1998 UN Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Arts 5 and 9, 37 ILM
(1998), 249.
36
The negotiations leading to the adoption of the Statute of the 2002 Sierra Leone Special Court, after
agreement between the UN and the Government of Sierra Leone, vigorously reflected the position
of the Secretary General that the granting of amnesties would not bar prosecutions.
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