International Criminal Law



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3.3.5
EU initiatives
Observing that criminalising money laundering is not the only method to combat
the growth of this activity, the Council of the European Communities considered
that financial institutions could and, indeed, should be encouraged to play an effective
role in tackling the problem. Accordingly, a Council Directive was adopted on
prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering.
101
The 1991 Directive, which was based on the 1988 Vienna Convention, gave rise to a
range of legal and non-legal developments in Member States. Article 1 of the Directive
defines money laundering as the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that
such property is derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in
such activity, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the
property or of assisting any person who is involved in the commission of such activity
to evade the legal consequences. The definition embraces the acquisition, possession
or use of such property and includes forms of secondary participation. Member States
should undertake to prohibit money laundering,
102
and take appropriate measures
to make sure financial institutions obtain adequate identification from customers
before completing in a financial transaction,
103
and records should be kept for at
least five years following any transaction.
104
Directors and employees of financial
institutions are required to co-operate with the national authorities responsible for
100
Ibid,
Art 39. For further discussion of mutual legal assistance, see Chapter 9.
101 Council Directive 91/308/EEC, OJ L166/77.
102
Ibid,
Art 2.
103
Ibid,
Art 3.
104
Ibid,
Art 4.


Chapter 3: Transnational Offences
69
combating money laundering
105
and establish adequate internal anti-money
laundering regulations
106
and should refrain from carrying out transactions which
they know or suspect to be related to money laundering until they have informed
the relevant authorities.
107
The Directive required Member States to introduce
legislative and other methods necessary to ensure compliance with these provisions
before 1 January 1993.
In order to increase the effectiveness of EU anti-money laundering measures, the
European Commission proposed changes to the 1991 Directive which would expand
the definition of criminal activity to include a wider range of serious offences
including terrorism and extend its provisions to cover non-financial professional
service providers. The European Parliament has now approved a new EU Directive
on Money Laundering.
108
Under the 2001 Directive, criminal activity means any kind
of involvement in the commission of a serious crime which will include organised
crime, corruption, and fraud against the European Community.
109
Further, the
obligations incurred by financial institutions under the Directive are now imposed
on members of the legal profession, accountants working in financial or allied
industries, estate agents, art and antique dealers and casinos.
110
Thus Member States
must ensure that persons subject to the Directive undertake customer identification
procedures,
111
report suspicious transactions to a designated authority
112
and establish
appropriate training and internal reporting procedures.
113
Lobbying by the
professional bodies resulted in an acknowledgment of the need for lawyers in the
United Kingdom to abide by legal professional privilege rules.
114
Although the revised
Directive has incorporated recent international developments and addressed some
of the limitations of the original, there remains a need to address national regimes
which may prevent effective operational international co-operation.
115

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