the Commission on Human Rights,
209
the ICJ held that a UN rapporteur was immune
from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State for the contents of an interview
premised on the subject matter of his investigation. This obligation incumbent on
203 115 ILR 597, pp 605–12.
204 See R Higgins, The Abuse of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: Recent United Kingdom
Experience’, 79
AJIL
(1985), 641; JS Parkhill, ‘Diplomacy in the Modern World: A Reconsideration of
the Bases for Diplomatic Immunity in the Era of High-Tech Communications’, 21
Hastings Int’l &
Comp L Rev
(1998), 565.
205 E Denza,
Diplomatic Law,
1976, New York: Oceana, p 135;
op cit,
Brownlie, note 6, p 358;
op cit,
Shearer,
note 9, p 201; JS Beaumont, ‘Self-Defence as a Justification for Disregarding Diplomatic Immunity’,
29
Can YIL
(1991), 391.
206 CJ Milhaupt, ‘The Scope of Consular Immunity Under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations:
Towards a Principled Interpretation’, 88
Col L Rev
(1988), 841.
207 596 UNTS 261.
208
Waltier v Thomson,
189 F Supp 319 (1960); see
Honorary Consul of X v Austria,
86 ILR 553.
209 93
AJIL
(1999), 913.
International Criminal Law
176
Malaysia to recognise the immunity of the rapporteur was based on Art VI, s 22(b)
of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.
210
7.14 IMMUNITY FROM INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
JURISDICTION
As already noted, the jurisdiction of an international judicial body is dependent on
its constitutive instrument. Although this instrument will adhere to international
human rights and fundamental principles of international law, it need not follow
those principles which, although firmly established, generally bind only national
institutions, such as immunities and other privileges. This has had primary
application as regards subject matter jurisdiction and immunity
ratione materia
and
ratione personne
. The invocation of official status of any kind was rejected in the Charter
of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Article 7 read:
The official position of defendants, whether as Heads of State or responsible officials
in Government Departments, shall not be considered as freeing them from
responsibility or mitigating punishment.
211
This position was also adopted in Art II(4)(a) of the 1945 Control Council Law for
Germany No 10, which was the legislation utilised by allied military tribunals acting
in Germany at the end of the Second World War. The ILC’s formulation of the
Nuremberg Principles and the 1996 Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and
Security of Mankind also followed this approach, although it is true that the
Nuremberg Principles did not explicitly preclude this defence in mitigation of
punishment.
212
Similarly, Arts 7(2) and 6(2) of the Statutes of the ICTY and ICTR
respectively, rejected this plea as a defence.
213
In the instruments enumerated in this
section, a claim of Head of State or of other official status was categorised as a defence
assertion, which if sustained would have the effect of precluding the liability of the
accused. It is clear, therefore, that any claim to official status in international criminal
litigation would not be directed against the jurisdiction of the relevant tribunal, as
this can only be served by invoking one’s immunity. Immunity constitutes a
procedural bar to the jurisdiction of a court; it does not waive or excuse an accused’s
potential liability. Although the rejection of the defence of official status is found in
Art 27(1) of the ICC Statute, para 2 of that Article further provides that:
Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a
person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from
exercising jurisdiction over such a person.
This is the first instance of an international criminal tribunal addressing the issue of
immunity and also distinguishing its legal nature from a defence claim on similar
grounds. There is no doubt, however, that Art 27(2) is a superfluous provision, even
210 1 UNTS 15.
211 Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Art 6 provided that, although an
individual’s official position did not constitute a defence, it could be used in mitigation of punishment.
212 See M Ratner and J Abrams,
Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law,
1997,
Oxford: OUP, pp 124–25.
213 Similarly rejected in the 1948 Genocide Convention, Art IV.
Chapter 7: State Jurisdiction and Immunities
177
for an elaborate Statute such as that of the ICC, since if official status cannot constitute
a defence to criminal liability, it necessarily follows that immunity regarding
jurisdictional competence will have already been denied.
It should not be thought that because international tribunals are capable of
exercising broad jurisdictional powers and rejecting immunity pleas, the same can
by implication apply before national courts. It is the consent of States that has shaped
the relevant mechanisms in national and international judicial institutions. Until
there is a clear and unambiguous statement that a rule has developed rejecting Head
of State immunity before national courts, the presumption is that the preservation
of such immunity, albeit in light of the developments noted, represents the law.
CHAPTER 8
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