Salient Features of UR Agreement
Liberalization of Trade in Manufactures
Liberlisation of trade in manufactures is sought to be achieved mostly by
reduction of tariffs and phasing out of non tariff barriers.
Tariff Barriers
The major Liberlisation in respect of trade in manufacturing goods, regarding
tariffs are
1.
Expansion of tariff bindings
2.
Reduction in the tariff rates
3.
Expansion of duty free access
The UR agreement envisages substantial tariff reductions in both
industrial and developing countries.
The main liberalization by industrial countries include the expansions of tariff
bindings (i.e., commitment not to exceed a particular level of tariff) to cover 99
per cent of imports, the expansion of duty free access from 20 to 43 per cent of
imports, and the reduction of trade weighted average tariff by 40 per cent, from
6.2 to 3.7 per cent.
However, the gain to developing countries from the tariff cuts by industrial
countries is less impressive. The reduction in the average tariffs on their exports
to industrial markets is 30 per cent and the labour intensive manufactures
(textiles, clothi9ng, leather goods) and certain processed primary products (fish
products) which are regarded as sensitive have been below average tariff cuts.
In industrial countries, tariffs will be eliminated in several sectors like steel,
pharmaceuticals and wood and wood products.
Developing countries agreed to bind their tariffs on 61 percent of their imports
of industrial products, compared with 13 per cent before the UR Round. They
also offered to reduce their trade weighted average bound tariff on imports from
industrial countries by 28 percent, from 15 to 11 per cent. The offers of tariff
reduction on manufactures by developing countries are estimated to amount to
over a third of the work total. The expansion of tariff binding by the developing
countries, which rules out future increases in tariffs, is regarded as a significant
achievement.
India has bound tariffs at 40 per cent (where they were above 40 per cent in
1993 – 1994) on industrial raw materials, components and capital goods and at
25 per cent in other cases. After the UR Agreement comes into force, about 68
per cent of India‘s tariff lines will be bound (Compared to five per cent earlier).
In comparison, many developing countries in Asia and Latin America have
bound between 90 and 100 per cent of their tariff lines at levels comparable to,
or lower than, India‘s bindings.
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