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Syntactic typology is concerned with discovering cross-linguistic patterns in the formation of particular constructions, whether those constructions are phrasal, clausal, or sentential.

Nominative language is a languagewhere the single argument of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb (both called thesubject) are treated alike and kept distinct from the object of a transitive verb.

Ergative language is a language in which the singleargument ("subject") of an intransitive verb behaves like theobject of a transitive verb, and differently from

the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb. For instance, instead of saying "she moved" and "I moved her", speakers of an ergative language would say the equivalent of "she moved" and "by me moved she".

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    Word order in linguistics typically refers to the order of subject (S), verb (V) and object (O) in a sentence. The arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In many languages, including English, word order plays an important part in determining meanings expressed in other languages by inflections.
    
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    Word order typology is the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language, and how different languages can employ different orders.
    
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    Adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not otherwise affect the remainder of the sentence. Example: In the sentence, John helped Bill in Central Park, the phrase in Central Park is an adjunct.
    
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    Syntactic connections are syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units. They can be of three types – coordination, subordination, and predication.
    
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    Adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrase whose head word is an adjective, e.g. fond of steak, very happy, quite upset about it, etc.
    
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