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Parts of speech or lexico-grammatic groups of words are primary
grammatical categories.
As it is known the classification of parts of speech in compared languages
can be identified according to the following features of lexemes:
Lexical and grammatical meaning
Generalization of morphologic forms for certain word groups
According to the function of words in the sentences.
Every word of a certain part of speech has its own morphological forms,
these forms contain morphological paradigm and can be connected with certain
grammatical categories. For instance, in English the inflection –s can represent
acategory of thenumber and –ed of the verb can represent tense category and etc
[Buranov, 1973, 101].
Secondary grammatical categories are units of grammatical meaning and
grammatical forms.
Any grammatical category (the category of gender, category number,
category of case, etc.) in each word has a specific content. For example, the
category of gender, a noun category, in the words of the
книга
(book)
reveals that
this noun is a feminine noun in Russian; category or type, for example, the verb
рисовать
(to draw)
has specific content - a verb imperfective. These meanings of
wordsare called grammatical meanings. Therefore, every word can have a number
of grammatical meanings, for example, in the Russian verb
бежал
thefollowing
grammatical meanings can be observed: past tense meaning, singular, the
masculine category of gender, unfinished form.
Grammatical meanings are expressed by a specific means of language. For
example, the meaning of the 1st person singular of the Russian verb
пишу
is
expressed by the ending
-y,
and the general meaning of the instrumental case of the
word
лесом
is expressed by th ending
-
ом
.
These expressions of grammatical
meanings with external language means called grammatical forms. Consequently,
the form of the word is a variation of the same word, differentiated from each other
with grammatical meanings. Beyond the grammatical form, there is no
grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings can be expressed not only by
morphological changes of words but also by means of other words, with which it is
associated in the sentence. For example, in the Russian sentences
Он
купил
пальто
and
Он
был
в
пальто
the form of the word
пальто
(coat
)is the same, but in the
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first case it has the grammatical meaning of the accusative case, and in the second -
the prepositional. These meanings are formed with different connections of the
word with other words in the sentence.
Moreover, according to the structure grammatical forms can be subdivided
into synthetic form and analytical form.
The main difference between synthetic form and analytical form is that
synthetic forms can be formed with the help of affixal grammatic morphemes (like
morphemes of aspect, tense, mood, voice, person, number and perfect categories)
while analytic forms are formed with link verbs.
In the following examples of comparison of secondary grammatical
categories, grammatical meaning and grammatical forms can be identified.
In English, Russian and Uzbek languages, plurality is the category of the
noun, pronoun, and verb, which means a great number of something or someone.
For example,
these books are interesting
–
бу китоблар қизиқарли –
этикнигиинтересны
.
All compared languages have some nouns, which are never used in aplural
form such as
love, friendship, hate
–
любовь
,
дружба
–
муҳаббат, дўстлик.
The verbs of compared languages are able to indicate the plurality.
English
Russian
Uzbek
She is beautiful.
They are beautiful.
Он пошол в школу.
Дети пошли в школу.
Бола мактабга борди.
Болалар
мактабга
боришди.
Nevertheless, in English and Russian indefinite pronouns
some, any
and their
derivatives
don‘t have plural forms. But in Uzbek they have.
English
Russian
Uzbek
somebody
anything
кто-то
что-нибудь
кимлардир,аллакимлар
алланималар
In English, some borrowed words keep their original plural forms. But in
Russian and Uzbek borrowed words follow the rules of making plurality.
English
Russian
Uzbek
phenomenon
–
phenomena
datum – data
Феномен – феномены
Компьютер
–
компьютеры
Стол – столлар
Компьютер – компьютерлар
Although, in English, there are nouns which form the plural by changing the
root vowel. But in Russian and Uzbek there is no such a phenomenon. This feature
can be considered as adistinctive feature of English plural form of the category of a
plurality
(man- men, woman
–
women, foot
–
feet, ox
–
oxen and etc.).
Moreover, in
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English and Russian,there are also some nouns, which have only the plural form
(spectacles, trousers, scissors - очки, брюки, ножницы), and they are not
characterized in Uzbek. Thus, they can be considered as similarity in English and
Russian and as distinctive feature in comparison with Uzbek.
Therefore, typology of grammatical categories of the languages can serve in
identifying language universals and at the same time to clarify their distinctive
peculiarities. These phenomena can be helpful in thedeep understanding of any
language and teach them as a foreign language as well as in translation processes
too.
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