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Sound interchange is one of the ways of non-productive word
formation. And this characterizes only in the English language. The causes of
sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut
which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws
during the period of the
language development known to scientists., e.g.
to strike - stroke, to sing -
song
etc. It can be also the result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which
is the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the
syllable coming after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g.
hot - to heat
(hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian)
etc.
However, stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages:to
af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract,
`игры-игр`ы, п`оля- пол`я, `янги(adv.) - янг`и (adj.), ҳ`озир(adj.) - ҳоз`ир
(adv.) .
Sound imitationis the way of word-building when a word is formed by
imitating different sounds. And this type of forming words can be observed in
all languages. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of
sound
imitation:
a) sounds produced by human beings, such as:
to whisper, to giggle, to
mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc; шептать, чихать хихикать,
бормотать; пичирламоқ, ғўнғирламоқ, минғирламоқ.
b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as:
to hiss, to buzz,
to bark, to moo, to twitter etc; лаять, мычать, щебетать, вовулламоқ,
миёвламоқ,сайрамоқ.
c) sounds produced by nature and objects, such as:
to splash, to rustle, to
clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc;звякать, звенеть,греметь,
тақилламоқ, шитирламоқ, тарақ-туруқ.
Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In
blends, two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation and
composition. Blends formed from two synonyms are:
slanguange, to hustle,
gasohol
etc. Mostly blends
are formed from a word-group, such as :
acromania (acronym mania), cinemadict (cinema adict), chunnel (channel,
canal), dramedy (drama comedy), detectifiction (detective fiction), faction
(fact fiction) (fiction based on real facts), informecial (information
commercial) , Medicare ( medical care) , magalog ( magazine catalogue)
slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sociolite (social elite), slanguist (
slang linguist)
etc. As it is seen this type of non-producting way of word
formation characterizes mostly in English, but in Russian also can be
observed such kind of way of forming words. In this language it is called
lexical-syntactic way of forming words e.g.
сумасшедший (сумасшедший),
тяжелораненый (тяжелораненный), четыреста (четыреста), наконец
(наконец), сейчас (сейчас).
The back formation is the way of word-building when a word is formed
by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. It is opposite to
suffixation, that is why it is called back formation.E.g. it is typical of English
to form nouns denoting the agent of the action by adding the suffix -er to a
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verb stem
(speak- speaker).
So when the French word
“beggar”
was
borrowed into English the final syllable “ar” was pronounced in the same way
as the English -er, and Englishmen formed the verb “to beg” by dropping the
end of the noun. Another example,
babysitter, to bach (from bachelor), to
compute (from thecomputer), to emote (from emotion).
Andthis type of
forming theword is one of the distinctive features of English among Russian
and Uzbek.
One of the Russian non-morphological
ways of word formation is
lexical semantic, which can express the similar function with Uzbek semantic
way of forming words. This type in Russian is explained as homonymous
meaning of words which are already existed in the language, e.g.
кулак
(кисть руки, сжатая для удара) и кулак (эксплуататор); бабка (то же,
что бабушка), бабка (надкопытный сустав ноги у животных), бабка
(одна из парных частей токарного станка), бабка (несколько снопов
хлеба, уложенных определенным образом);
in Uzbek:
юпқа- қалин эмас
(юпқа -сифат, юпқа –от, овқатнинг номи), кўк (ранг, - сифат, кўк-от,
осмон).
The last distinctive feature of Uzbek language word formation way is
composition, which cannot be found in other compared languages. This type
of forming words is formed by combining two or more words to each other.
With the help of this type of word formation compound, pair and repeated
words in Uzbek can appear.
Finally, from the analysis of compared languages can be found several
similarities and differences in word formation process in these languages. For
instance,
as a similarity, it is possible to show theexistence of types of
affixation in all languages, or amount of derived words and suffixes, which
can change the meaning from one part of speech in to another. On the
contrary, as a difference can be presented some
ways of forming words in
English, Russian and Uzbek, which cannot be found in word forming system
of other languages. Moreover, the main way of word formation in English is
considered compounding, while in Russian and Uzbek it is affixation. Derived
words in English mostly can be formed with compounding, affixation and
conversion, and in Russian and Uzbek can be observed two of them besides
conversion. In these languages, conversion is not well developed.
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