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1.2. English, Uzbek and Russian languages consonant phonemes 
The inventory of phonemes is a starting point in thecomparative-
typological analysis. The typological analysis aims at describing structural 
units, i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and 
distinction of words and morphemes. 
The inventory of the English consonants consists of 24 
phonemes.
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], 
[h], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j], [w], [r], [l]. 
The inventory of the Uzbek consonants consists of 25 phonemes.
[б], [в], [г], [д], [ж1], [j2], [(dj)], [з], [й], [к], [л], [м], [н], [п], [р], [с], 
[т], [ф], [x], [ч], [ш], [қ], [ғ], [ҳ], [ц].
The inventory of the Russian consonants consists of 36 phonemes.
[б], [б’] [в], [в’] [г], [г’] [д], [д’] [ж] [з], [з’] [й'] [к], [к’] [л], [л’] [м], 
[м’] [н], [н’] [п], [п’] [р], [р’] [с], [с’] [т], [т’] [ф], [ф’] [х], [х’] [ц] [ч’] [ш] 
[щ’]. 
The consonant system of all compared languages is classified according 
to the articulatory and acoustic features.
The general phonetic principles of classification of consonants in 
compared languages are as follows: 
a.)
The place of articulation 
b.)
the manner of production; 
c.)
the presence or absence of voice; 
d.)
the position of the soft palate; 
Similarity and differences between them can be seen in the tables 
below: 
The place of articulation 
English 
Uzbek 
Russian 
bilabial 
labial 
labial 
labiodentals 
lingual 
labial-dental 
dental 
glottal 
foredental 
alveolar 
dental 
postalveolar 
palatal 
velar 
uvular 
pharyngeal 
glottal 
retroflex 
The manner of production 
English 
Uzbek 
Russian 
1. occlusive 
explosive
Fricative:
a) middle fricative 

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b) side fricative 
2. constrictive 
(fricative) 
affricates 
Occlusive: 
a) explosive 
b) affricates 
c) implosive
d) nasal 
3. occlusive-
constrictive 
(affricates) 
implosive
Vibrant 
4. rolled 
nasal 
5.
vibrant
The presence or absence of voice 
English 
Uzbek 
Russian 
Voiced
Voiced
Voiced
Voiceles
s
Voiceless
Voiceless
The position of the soft palate 
English 
Uzbek 
Russian 
Sonorant 
Sonorant 
Sonorant 
Noise consonants 
Noise consonants 
Noise consonants 
According to the palatalization of the tongue, theonly Russian language 
has 
soft
and 
hard
consonants.
Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following 
way. The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas 
their Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in 
contrast with Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek, 
the voiced consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, 
which is alien to English: 
мактаб-мактап.
The consonants [ө,ð,w] can’t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the 
Uzbek consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й'] 
phonemes also cannot be found in English phoneme system.