Ingliz tili I fakulteti

Division of Turkestan into khanates

This topic chronologically covers more than 3.5 centuries. This period was difficult and was full of acute nodal problems caused by confrontations in the struggle for power.

At the heart of the collapse of powerful state of the Temurids are the discord of descendants in the struggle for the throne, civil strife, territorial claims. Repeated efforts by Babur – Amir Temur's great grandson – to overcome the political crisis proved futile.

Zahiriddin Babur (1483-1530), originally from Andijan, became the ruler of Ferghana after his father's death. At the beginning of the XVI century, he made several attempts to unite and restore the former state of Temur, made campaigns to Samarkand. However, all this was unsuccessful. Then Babur became the ruler of The Kabul Shire in Afghanistan, after which he conquered India, where he created a state led by the Baburid dynasty, which ruled there indefinitely for 332 years, until the conquest of India by England. Babur was known as a good writer, composed lyrical poems, and wrote the historical work "Babur-nameh" in accessible Uzbek, which was widely recognized in many countries of the world.

Meanwhile, in Dashti Kipchak, the state of nomadic Uzbeks was being strengthened.

The Kipchak steppe (Dashti-Kipchak), since the XI century, was called the vast expanse from the Dnieper and the Northern shores of the Black sea to the Irtysh and lake Balkhash in the East and to Khorezm and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya in the South. These steppes were inhabited by Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes who settled there for many centuries. The borders of the state included most of modern Kazakhstan, Western Siberia, and Southwestern Khorezm. It was a nomadic state and relied mainly on the power of arms.

In 1498, the Sheibanids made their first attempt to capture Samarkand. During subsequent campaigns, they managed to capture Bukhara in 1500, and then Samarkand. Overcoming the resistance of Shaybanikhan Babur captured Tashkent and Fergana valley. In 1505, Sheibanikhan's forces captured Urgench, and two years later, Herat. Thus, the Sheibanids, using the contradictions among the Temurids (internecine struggle), established their power over the vast territory of Central Asia.

Shaybanikhan however, was a delicate, controversial figure. Under certain conditions, he took unpredictable, harsh steps. In 1510, he was killed at Merv in a clash with Iranian forces. Taking advantage of this situation, Babur briefly removed the Sheibanids from power, but in 1513 the reins of power in Samarkand were returned to the nomadic Uzbeks. Some stabilization in Movaraunnahr is achieved under Ubaydullakhan, who ruled until 1539.

Speaking of the Sheibanid dynasty, we know that it was one who introduced the ethnonym "Uzbeks" to our region. Nomadic Uzbeks, settling in Central Asia, assimilated with the indigenous population, and this ethnonym began to spread among the local population. According to ethnographers, the current Uzbeks consist of more than 90 clans and tribes, including Kipchaks, and make up 76 percent of the population of today's Uzbekistan.

There were frequent internecine wars Among Sheibanids themselves from the 40s to the 60s of the XVI century. Only by coming Abdullakhan (1557-1598) the position of the Sheibanids was significantly strengthened. The capital of the state moved from Samarkand to Bukhara. The Bukhara khanate was taking some measures to strengthen the region's economy. Sheibanids improved irrigation system, carried out monetary reform, improved tax policies, built public buildings and centers of culture and spirituality. Trade and economic ties were being revived, particularly with Russia during the reign of Ivan Grozny.

The conquest of Central Asia by the Sheibanids did not radically change the social structure of Maveraunnahr. In the course of the armed struggle for Transoxiana, they practically destroyed the entire ruling nobility of the Temurids, associated with them representatives of the higher clergy and the landowner class. Their lands and real estate passed into the hands of the uzbek nobles associated with the Sheibanids. The same thing happened to the Tarkhans, who lost all their possessions and privileges and left the political arena.

There was a replacement of the former composition of the dominant layer with a new one, which led to the redistribution of land holdings. The country was divided between major representatives of the ruling dynasty and generals. The throne was inherited by the oldest in the Khan's family, and the emirs were subordinate (often only nominally) to the Khan. The Supreme Khan had the right to mint coins.