Most of the fl owers in the gar-
den were planted by the school-
children.
Bog‘dagi gullarning ko‘plari o‘quv-
chilar tomonidan o‘tqazilgan edi.
Most of the gentlemen looked
ang ry.
Erkaklarning ko‘pchiligi ach
-
chig‘ langan edi.
Ot umumiy ma’noda ishlatilib, aniq bo‘lmagan shaxs yoki buyum lar
haqida gapirilganda, mostdan keyin kelgan ot oldida artikl ishlatilmay-
di:
Most fl owers smell sweet.
Ko‘p gullar xushbo‘y hid beradi.
BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN
DOIMO NOANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI
A lot of, a great deal of, a good
deal of, a great number of, a good
many, a great many ko‘p
a few bir nechta, oz
to be at a loss qiynalmoq
a little oz
at a speed of tezlikda
as a result of natijasida
at a time when vaqtda, mahalda,
-da
at a time bir vaqtda, bir martada
on a large (small) scale katta
(kichik) hajmda
all of a sudden to‘satdan
to go for a walk sayr qilmoq
it is a pity afsus
as a matter of fact haqiqatda
to have a good time vaqtni yaxshi
o‘tkazmoq
for a short (long) time qisqa (uzoq)
vaqt davomida
to have a mind — moqchi bo‘lmoq
in a loud (low) voice qattiq (past)
tovushda
to be in a hurry shoshilmoq
to be in a position holatda bo‘l-
moq
to have a look qaramoq
to have a cold shamollamoq
to have a headache boshi og‘rimoq
to take a seat o‘tirmoq
BA’ZI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALAR BILAN FAQAT
ANIQ ARTIKL ISHLATILADI
in the morning ertalab
in the evening kechqurun
in the afternoon tushdan keyin
in the night tunda
what is the time? Soat necha?
the day before yesterday o‘tgan
kun
on the whole umuman
the other day shu kunlarda, yaqin-
da
to go to the theatre (the cinema,
pictures) teatrga (kinoga) bormoq
to play the piano, the violin pianino,
skripka chalmoq
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142
the day after tomorrow ertadan
keyin
in the country qishloqda, dala-dasht-
da (shahardan tashqarida)
on the one (other) hand bir (bosh-
qa) tomondan
to tell the time vaqtni aytmoq
to tell the truth haqiqatni aytmoq
to pass the time vaqtni o‘tkazmoq
to run the risk tavakkal qilmoq,
xavf-xatarga qo‘ymoq
on the right (left) o‘ngda (chapda)
QUYIDAGI SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI VA IBORALARI
ARTIKLSIZ ISHLATILADI
at night tunda
by sea dengiz orqali
by day kunduzi
by land quruqlik orqali
at home uyda
by water suv orqali
at work ishda
in debt qarzga
at sunset kun botar mahal
by heart yoddan
at fi rst sihgt birinchi qarashda
(ko‘rishda)
by mistake adashib, xato qilib
at peace tinch(likda)
by name nomi bilan
at war urush holatida
by order of –ning buyrug‘i bilan
by tram (by air, train, boat, bus)
(poyezd, kema, avtobus) havodan
(samolyotda) tramvay bilan
at table stolda (tushlikda, nonush-
tada, kechki ovqatda, dasturxon da
degan ma’noda)
at dinner (breakfast, supper) tushlik-
da (nonushtada, kechki ov qatda)
by post (airmail) pochta (havo
pochtasi) orqali
on deck palubada
by chance tasodifan
to go to school maktabga (o‘qish ga)
bormoq
in demand talab katta bo‘lmoq,
on sale sotuvda
at school o‘qishda
on demand talabi bilan
to go to town (yaqin) shaharga bor-
moq
in fact amalda
to be in town shaharda bo‘lmoq
in sight ko‘rinishda
in conclusion natijada
on board ship kema bortida
to go to bed o‘ringa yotmoq
day and night kechayu kunduz
to be in bed to‘shakda bo‘lmoq
in time vaqtida
day after day kundan kunga
from … to predloglari bilan kelgan iboralarda:
from morning to (till) night
ertalabdan tungacha
from head to foot boshdan oyo-
g‘igacha
from time to time vaqti-vaqti bi-
lan from day to day kundan kunga
from shop to shop do‘kondan-
do‘konga
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SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar
1. Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi:
A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people =
yosh kishilar.
2. Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long — uzun, longer
— uzunroq, longest — eng uzun.
3. Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo‘ladi:
a) Oddiy sifatlar qo‘shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big — katta, short —
kalta, black — qora, red — qizil.
b) Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo‘shimchasini yoki har ikkala sini
olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural — tabiiy, incorrect — noto‘g‘ri, unnatu ral-
notabiiy.
Eng ko‘p tarqalgan qo‘shimchalar (suffi kslar):
— ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali;
— less : helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda;
— ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavfl i;
— al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy;
— able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo‘ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yen gil.
Eng ko‘p tarqalgan old qo‘shimchalar :
un- : unhappy = baxtsiz, unequal = teng emas, noteng;
in- : incomplete = tugallanmagan, indifferent = farqsiz.
4. Ikkita so‘zdan yasalib bitta ma’noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo‘shma
sifatlar deyiladi:
dark-blue = to‘q ko‘k, snow-white = qordek oq.
5. Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi:
The large box is on the table.
(aniq lovchi)
Katta quti stol ustida.
The box is large. (ot kesimning
tarkibiy qismi)
Quti — katta.
Sifat darajalari (Degrees of Comparison)
1. Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy
(the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree).
The Missisippi is a long river. (long
— oddiy daraja.).
Missisippi uzun daryo.
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The Missisippi is longer than the
Volga. ( longer — qiyosiy daraja).
Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq.
The Missippi is the longest river
in the world (longest — orttirma
daraja).
Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun
daryo.
Qiyosiy daraja
Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi.
Orttirma daraja
Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va
bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo‘ladi.
2. Sodda sifatlarning (bir, ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy dara jasi -er
qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish
bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
sharp — o‘tkir
cold — sovuq
deep — chuqur
busy — band
dirty — ifl os
clever — aqlli
narrow — tor
able — layoqatli(qodir)
noble — himmatli
polite — odobli
severe — shafqatsiz
sincere — sofdil, samimiy
simple — (oddiy) sodda
common — oddiy
sharper — o‘tkirroq
colder — sovuqroq
deeper — chuqurroq
busier — bandroq
dirtier — ifl osroq
cleverer — aqlliroq
narrower — torroq
abler — layoqatlioroq
nobler — himmatliroq
politer — odobliroq
severer — shafqatsizroq
sincerer — sofdilroq
simpler — soddaroq
commoner — oddiyroq
sharpest — eng o‘tkir
coldest — eng sovuq
deepest — eng chuqur
busiest — eng band
dirtiest — eng ifl os
cleverest — eng aqlli
narrowest — eng tor
ablest — eng layoqatli
noblest — eng himmatli
politest — eng odobli
severest — eng shafqatsiz
sincerest — eng sofdil
simplest — eng sodda
commonest — eng oddiy
3.
Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni yasaganda quyidagi imlo qoidalariga
rioya qilinadi:
a) agar sifat o‘qilmaydigan e harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, -er va -est
qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilganda sifat oxiridagi o‘qilmaydigan e harfi tu shib
qoladi:
large katta
larg-er
larg-est
brave jasur
brav-er
brav-est
ripe pishgan
rip-er
rip-est
b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo‘lsa,
qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi undosh
ikkilantiriladi:
big katta bigger
biggest
hot issiq
hotter
hottest
thin yupqa thinner thinnest
wet nam wetter
wettest
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c) agar sifat undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, qyo siy
va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi y har fi i harfi ga
aylanadi:
bus y
band bus ier
bus iest
eas y
oson eas ier eas iest
dirt y
ifl os, kir
dirt ier dirt iest
d) agar sifat oxiridagi y unlidan keyin kelgan bo‘lsa qo‘shimcha
qo‘shilganda y saqlanib qoladi:
gay
sho‘x gayer gayest
4. Ko‘pgina ikki bo‘g‘inli hamda uch va ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning
qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga
most so‘zlarini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja
Qiyosiy daraja
Orttirma daraja
active — faol
famous — mashhur
diffi cult — qiyin
comfortable — qulay
interesting — qiziq
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