History and reason
The loan was first introduced in the marotaba XVIII and XIX centuries in the US universities with the aim of liberalizing educational processes, determining the weekly academic load of the student.
In 1869, Charles William Eliot, president of Harvard University, a prominent figure in American education, introduced the concept of “credit hours” into consumption. Thus, in 1870 — 1880-ies, a system of measures with credit hours will be introduced. The study and development of educational programs with the credit system created an opportunity for students to independently plan the educational process, control its quality, improve educational technologies.
The introduction of Credit Collection measure not only gave the student greater freedom, but also provided the opportunity to independently plan the academic process so that he could grow to be a competitive specialist of his chosen field in the future. At the same time, it also led to improvements in the evaluation system and educational technology.
As provided for in the Bologna declaration, the credit-module system basically serves to perform two functions, with emphasis on Independent Education.:
the first is to ensure the mobility of students and teachers, that is, the free passage (transfer of study or work) from one higher educational institution to another without obstacles;
the second is that for all educational and scientific activities in the direction or specialty chosen by the student, the academic load — credit is accurately calculated. The sum of the credit shows how much the student has mastered according to the chosen program.
Bologna declaration: countdown
Today, we hear different opinions about the Bologna system, its importance by those who are affected by the educational system.
So what kind of system is this? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
As a logical continuation of the subject, we will continue our thoughts.
To create this system, from the 70-ies of the last century, efforts have been initiated to ensure the integration of all higher education institutions in Europe, to create a single standard of higher education, to establish the mobility of students and teachers, to recognize diplomas, to solve a number of problems related to the unification of the scores on the knowledge, qualifications and skills
As a result of these actions, the Bologna declaration is signed by representatives of 29 countries in Bologna, Italy, in 1999.
To date, 48 countries are involved in the Bologna Process. Among them are Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Belarus from the CIS countries.
Training of highly qualified personnel on the Bologna system is carried out in two stages. Preparation of bakalavrs usually not less than three years, as well as 1-2 years of Master’s degree.
Many experts admit that the adoption of the Bologna declaration is the main reason for the restriction of the opportunities of European Higher Education Institutions in competition with the United States in terms of the acquisition of potential, highly qualified students, the appreciation of their knowledge in the labor market, the measures taken against the tendency of many “holders of reason”to leave the
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