Impedance



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impedance

AC and the capacitor 

Now imagine charging and discharging the capacitor very quickly- we could do this by 

using a tone generator instead of a battery as the voltage source.  

 

 

If we start with a high frequency and watch the current though the circuit, it's almost as if 



the capacitor weren't there at all! That's because the current is highest early in the charge 

cycle, and if the current source changes direction much faster than a time constant, it's 

always early in the charge cycle. If the frequency is reduced, the current amplitude 

decreases- to the point where there's nothing but a slight ripple in a steady value. 




Notes on Impedance 

Peter Elsea 10/21/11 

 

 



 

 low frequency      

 

high frequency 



 

There's another important thing to notice here: the current is 90° out of phase with the 

voltage, the current leading. 

 

As you can see, we have a situation where Ohm's law doesn't tell the entire story. The 



current through a capacitor is dependent on the frequency of the signal. Frequency 

dependent opposition to current is reactance, which is indicated in formulas by the letter 

X. Capacitive reactance is found with the formula: 

X is reactance in ohms. 

F is frequency in hertz. 

C is capacitance in farads. 

Since the frequency term is in the bottom of the fraction, you can see that as the 

frequency falls, the reactance goes up. In other words, capacitors impede low frequency 

signals. 

 


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