Ijtimoiy xulq-atvor psixologiyasi

Attributsiyadagi fundamental xatosi.

Agar bizning yangi do’stimiz qo’pol muomalada bo’lsa, biz uni umuman qo’pol deb hisoblashimiz attributsiyada fundamental xato bo’ladi. U balki o’z axloqini ba’zi bir muammolari tufayli deb tushuntirishi mumkin.

Ba’zida kuzatuvchilar qo’pol xato qilishlari mumkin. Masalan, 2008 yilda kamera oldida AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama Hilliriy Klintonga nisbatan yelkasini o’girgan holda turib, salomlashmagan. Buni barcha hurmatsizlik deb qabul qilgan. Ammo keyin Obamani aytishicha, ular o’sha paytda allaqachon ko’rishib ulgurishgan va Obama o’zining yonidagi boshqa inson bilan gaplashishga o’girilgan. Yana shunday xato attributsiya ba’zida o’qituvchilar faoliyatida ham kuzatiladi. Masalan, agar biron o’quvchi o’zini darsda yomon tutsa, uni umuman agressiv bola deb o’ylaydilar, vaholanki, uning o’sha payda u-bu muammo qiynayotgan bo’lishi mumkin.²[3]

Actor and observer perspectives make for differing attributions During their contentious U.S. presidential primaries in 2008, Barack Obama was criticized for seeming—in this camera perspective that faces him—to turn a cold shoulder to his opponent, Hillary Clinton. Obama later explained that he had greeted her earlier, and here was turning to speak to (as a pic¬ture shot from behind him might have shown) the unseen person to his left. In lab¬oratory experiments, when a camera shows the actor's perspective, observers better appreciate the situation's influence.People usually attribute others' behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situations. A teacher, for example, may wonder whether a child's hos¬tility reflects an aggressive personality (a dispositional attribution) or a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution).

Boshqa bir attributsiya esa quyidagidan iborat: sinfda Julyett juda kam gapiradi, Djekhar doim 1 chashka kofe ustida to’xtamay gapiradi. Demak, umuman olganda Julyett uyalchan, Djek esa xush chaqchaq va kirishimli. Ba’zida bunday attributsiyalar foydali bo’ladi. Ammo shunda ham biz fundamental hatogayo’lqo’yayotganbo’lishimizmumkin, balki bizlarni ko’rgan kunda birining kayfiyati yomon birini-ki juda yaxshi bo’lgandir, va odatda ularnin axloqi shu kungidan farq qilishi mumkin.

Devid Nepolitan va Djordj Goeta Isnomli olimlar qiziq tajriba o’tkazishdi. Ular Uillyams kolledji talabalari bilan suhbat qurishdi. Talabalar bira yol bilan gaplashishi kerak ekanligini aytib, ularni ikki guruhga bo’lishdi. Birinchi guruhga ayol kutilmagan tarzda o’zini tutishi mumkunligini aytib, ikkinchi guruhga esa haqiqatni – ayolga oldindan talabalar bilan do’stona yoki nodo’stona yo’sinda gaplashishi aytilganligidan habar qilishdi. Nima deb o’ylaysiz, aytilgan gaplardan foyda bo’ldimi? Yo’q. talabalar barcha ma’lumotni inkor etdilar. Agar ayol kishi ular bilan do’stona munosabatda bo’lgan bo’lsa, talabalar uni muloyim inson sifatida tasvirladilar. Va huddi shuni teskarisi. Bu yana bir attributsiyaning fundamental hatosini ko’rsatdi. Shuni aytib o’tish kerakki bu xato barchaga xos.