particular point, before
we mention the
movement, for example:
In the first year,
unemployment
stood at … )
A fluctuation
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Adjectives
Adverbs
dramatic
dramatically
sharp
sharply
huge
enormous
enormously
steep
steeply
substantial
substantially
considerable
considerably
significant
significantly
marked
markedly
moderate
moderately
slight
slightly
small
minimal
minimally
Adjectives
Adverbs
rapid
rapidly
quick
quickly
swift
swiftly
sudden
suddenly
steady
steadily
gradual
gradually
slow
slowly
14-
introducing a point of view
the first thing/first of all we have/I should like to consider …
the first thing to be considered is …
it is a fact that …
there is no doubt that …
I believe that …
one of the main arguments in favor of/against X is that…
15-
Summarising and concluding
in short, … in conclusion, …
in a word, … on the whole, …
in brief, … altogether, …
to sum up, … in all, …
therefore/thus/on this basis/ given this, it can/may be
concluded/deduced/inferred
Appendix 1: Connectives
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127
16-
useful words
Stating the topic
Concept
To consist
Factor
Hypothesis
Hypothesise
Issue
to predict
premise
Proposition
To speculate
Thesis
topic
General research vocabulary
Academic
Anecdotal
Anomaly
Argument
Assimilate
Cogent
Conform
Consequent
Controversy
Debate
Empirical
To equate
Evidence
Exception
Explicit
Feasible
Findings
Homogeneus
Implicit
Issue
Norm
Pertinent
Priniciple
Relevance
Reliable
Research
Source
Study
Subsequent
Survey
Tentative
Theory
Trend
Valid
17-
Reporting
as X implies …
X implies that …
as noted by X …
it has been argued by X that …
Add
Affirm
Agree
Argue
Assert
Assume
Challenge
Claim
Clarify
Comment
Consider
Contend
Contradict
demonstrate
Deny
Describe
Determine
Disagree
Discern
Discuss
Dispute
Emphasise
Enumerate
Explain
Imply
Infer
Maintain
Point out
Postulate
Querry
Question
Recommend
Refute
Reject
Remark
Report
Repudiate
Say
Suggest
Stipulate
View
note
other reporting structures:
according to X, …
for example, X argued that …
writing in 1979, X commented that …
to quote X: '…'
recent research by X shows that …
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A
A
P
P
P
P
E
E
N
N
D
D
I
I
X
X
3
3
H
H
O
O
W
W
T
T
O
O
E
E
X
X
P
P
R
R
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
S
S
S
S
E
E
N
N
T
T
I
I
A
A
L
L
I
I
D
D
E
E
A
A
S
S
Appendix 3: Essential Ideas
IELTS Essays,
Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps
129
Reason
1-
to be the reason why something happened or why someone
does something
Be the reason
Nick's teachers think that problems at home are the reason for his poor schoolwork.
Be the reason why
He borrowed too much money, and that's the reason why his business failed.
Be the reason (that)
I knew that I had my weaknesses. Perhaps that is the reason that I was not more
successful.
Explain something
We were all puzzled: what could explain his sudden change of mind?
Explain why/what/how
She couldn't sleep last night, which explains why she was in such a bad mood this
morning.
Account for
If it's true that he was taking drugs that would account for his strange behavior.
Lie behind
I wonder what lies behind Arthur's sudden interest in golf.
I think that behind Tania's aggression lay a deep insecurity about her.
2-
why something is right or should be done
Reason (why/that)
The reason why we need these laws is to protect children from violent adults.
Reason to do something
I can think of lots of reasons to get married.
You may be dissatisfied, but is that sufficient reason to resign?
Have every reason to do something
We have every reason to believe he is guilty.
Argument that
Do you agree with the argument that violence on TV makes people behave violently?
Argument for/against
What are the arguments for the legalization of cannabis?
The main argument against smoking is that it's bad for
Justification for
There's no justification for cruelty.
Justification for doing something
What justification can there be for paying women lower
Grounds for
Is mental cruelty sufficient grounds for divorce?
On the grounds of something
(=for this reason)
He had been fired from his job on the grounds of incompetence.
On what grounds are you claiming compensation?
On the grounds that
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She was prohibited from speaking to the students on the grounds that it would stir
up trouble.
Cause to do something
I've never had any cause to complain about my doctor.
With good/just cause
He no longer loved her, and with just cause, because she had betrayed him.
Without good/just cause
We have little sympathy for people who leave their jobs without just cause.
Cause for complaint/alarm/concern etc
The child's behavior is giving us cause for concern.
There is no cause for alarm about the safety of drinking water.
Rationale for/behind
In the document he explains the rationale for his plan to build a car for the African
market.
If you do not understand the rationale behind any action you are asked to take, be
sure to find out.
3-
to tell someone the reason for something
Provide an explanation is more formal than come up with an explanation
In an attempt to provide an explanation she said she thought I had given her
permission to be absent.
After failing to come up with an adequate explanation, Jones was arrested for
robbery.
Justify Something
How can you justify the expense?
Justify doing something
How can you possibly justify charging four pounds for a glass of beer?
Account for
If you walked home, how do you account for the fact that a witness said he saw you
driving your van?
It is difficult to account for the big differences in their scores.
Provide an explanation/come up with an explanation
In an attempt to provide an explanation she said she thought I had given her
permission to be absent.
After failing to come up with an adequate explanation, Jones was arrested for
robbery.
4-
when there is no reason for someone's behaviour
Be no reason to do something
I know I'm late, but that's no reason to lose your temper.
There is no reason for something
Please remain calm everyone. There is no reason for panic.
Be no excuse/justification to do something
Ron may not be the most pleasant person to work with, but that's no justification to
fire him.
There's no excuse/justification for something
Appendix 3: Essential Ideas
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131
There's no excuse for such childish behaviour from a grown man.
Groundless
Fleury dismissed our fears as groundless, though he was secretly alarmed.
A message from Interpol confirmed that our Inspector's suspicions were far from
groundless.
Unfounded
I am going to prove to you that your suspicions are entirely unfounded.
All the signs indicate that the general's optimism is unfounded.
Advantages
1-
the good and bad features of something
Have both advantage and disadvantages
Being an only child has both advantages and disadvantages.
The advantages and disadvantages of something
The advantages and disadvantages of owning a car in the city
Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of something
(=to consider the advantages and disadvantages of something)
Politicians should carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of committing US
troops to this conflict.
The pros and cons of
There has been a lot of discussion about the pros and cons of making certain types of
drugs legal.
Your doctor should explain the pros and cons of the different treatments available.
Weigh up the pros and cons
(=think about the advantages and disadvantages)
Karen and David weighed up the pros and cons of having another child and decided
against it.
The pluses and minuses of
She talked about some of the pluses and minuses of being self-employed.
2-
a good feature of something
Advantage of
The advantage of walking to work is that I get some exercise.
Big advantage
One of the big advantages of the course is that it helps students develop their writing
skills in English.
Benefit to
Tourism has brought many benefits to the area.
Benefit of
The benefits of a healthy lifestyle
What are the benefits for Britain of belonging to the European Union?
Merit
The merits of the new health programmed are gradually being recognized.
The committee is still considering the merits of the new proposals.
Be a plus
The hotel's closeness to the beach is definitely a plus.
Plus point
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The plus point of this area is its school system, which is considered one of the best in
the city.
3-
something that makes you more likely to be successful
Have an advantage
People who have been to university have a big advantage when it comes to finding
jobs.
Advantage over
I had already lived in France for a year, so I had a big advantage over the other
students.
Give somebody an advantage
Taxes on imports gave Japanese companies an unfair advantage.
An asset for somebody
A sense of humour is an important asset for any teacher.
Be an asset to something
Laney continues to be a great asset to the company.
Have a privilege/grant a privilege
Foreign diplomats have all kinds of special privileges.
Countries within the European Community grant certain commercial privileges to
each other.
The privilege of something
Not everyone has the privilege of a private education.
4-
the only good feature of something
Saving grace
I can't really play baseball. My one saving grace is that I can pitch.
I hate this house. Its only saving grace is that it's near the centre of town.
Redeeming feature
The heroine of the novel is cruel and evil, with no redeeming features.
Coal is relatively expensive but its redeeming feature is that it is in plentiful supply.
Disadvantage
1-
a bad feature of something
Have a disadvantage
The proposal has some major disadvantages.
Disadvantage of
The main disadvantage of being a nurse is working irregular hours.
Drawback of
One of the major drawbacks of being famous is the lack of privacy.
Drawback to
High house prices are one drawback to economic growth.
Liability to
The product that was once so popular is now a liability to the company.
Serious liability
Appendix 3: Essential Ideas
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133
The bank realized that the dispute was becoming a serious liability in doing business
Limitations
I think we've done a wonderful job, considering the limitations we've had to work
under.
We made an inspection of the building's resources and limitations.
The downside of
The downside of the New Economy is the forced resettlement of villagers.
2-
to have a disadvantage compared to other people or things
Be at a disadvantage
Women are still at a disadvantage when it comes to getting jobs in the military.
People with previous convictions are always at a disadvantage when on trial in a
court of law.
Put/place somebody at a disadvantage
The test put candidates whose first language was not English at a disadvantage.
The disadvantaged
(=disadvantaged people)
Booth invented schemes to help the disadvantaged in the community.
Be against
Time is against us. The longer we wait to find a solution to the crisis, the worse it will
get.
He wanted to become a pilot but his bad eyesight was against him.
Count against
We believe Caroline Connely is innocent, but her silence could count against her in a
court.
He was a child when he committed the crime. Should that count against him as an
adult with a clean record?
Result
1-
something that happens or exists because of something else
Result of
Her constant cough is the result of many years of smoking.
The results of the attack included two helicopters burnt out, and three groundcrew
wounded.
With the result that
More and more people are using cars, with the result that towns are much more
polluted.
As a result
Jobs are hard to get and, as a result, more young people are continuing their
education.
A direct result of something
(=caused by only one thing even if people think there may be other causes)
Her parents believe that her death was a direct result of medical error.
Effect of
The effects of the oil spill were devastating for wildlife.
The harmful effects of radiation
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Have an effect/have no effect
All my efforts to persuade them were beginning to have an effect.
I've been taking these pills for three days, but so far they've had no effect.
Effect on
The death of a parent can have very serious and long-lasting effects on a child.
Have a bad/good effect (on something/somebody)
Any increase in fuel costs could have a bad effect on business.
Consequence of
Pain and illness are sometimes thought to be the unavoidable consequences of
growing old.
Consequence for
If river levels continue to rise, it will have very serious consequences for many
people's homes.
Take/face the consequences
(=accept the bad results of something you do)
People who run up big debts eventually have to face the consequences.
Damaging/dire/disastrous etc consequences
Safety procedures had been ignored, with disastrous consequences.
Implications of
The legal implications of the case are extremely significant.
Implications for
Any change in interest rates has important implications for most people's financial
situation.
Important/significant/profound etc implications
The discovery of planets orbiting other suns has profound implications.
Outcome of
It's impossible to say for sure what the outcome of the election will be.
Affect/influence the outcome
The patient's general health and fitness can also affect the outcome of the disease.
Predict the outcome
At this point, I wouldn't even try to predict the outcome, but we're hoping for the
best.
Upshot of
What was the upshot of the trial?
The upshot is that
The upshot of that experience was that I decided I didn't want to study medicine
after all.
The end result is that
If students constantly fail, the end result is that they switch off any interest in
learning.
The net result/effect is that
The new system is designed to spread payments over several months but the net
effect is that people pay more in total.
Aftereffect of
A large number of working days are lost through the aftereffects of alcohol abuse.
Psychological aftereffects
Appendix 3: Essential Ideas
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135
The psychological aftereffects of a tragedy like the Zeebrugge disaster can stay with
the survivors for years.
2-
a result that happens in addition to the intended result
Have side effects
The drug can have side effects such as headaches and sickness.
Transplanting genes from one plant to another may have unintended side effects for
the environment and the food supply.
Side effect of
One of the side effects of chemotherapy is hair loss.
Dangerous/nasty/unpleasant etc side effects
These pills don't normally have any unpleasant side-effects.
Indirect result of
The job losses were an indirect result of lower cost imports.
The increase in greenhouse gases is the direct result of pollution, and the indirect
result of a reduction in the atmosphere's ability to absorb them.
By-product of
One of the by-products of the peace treaty was the growth of trade between the two
nations.
Another by-product of space exploration is a growing awareness of this planet's
fragile environment.
Corollary of
Huge increases in unemployment were the corollary of the government's economic
policy.
A logical/natural/necessary etc corollary (of something)
A rapid increase in population would be a natural corollary of any such changes in
the birth control program.
The corollary of this is that
The government has promised tax cuts, but the corollary of this is that there will be a
reduction in public services.
Spin-off for
One of the main spin-offs for countries that host the Olympic Games is increased
business for hotels, restaurants, and theatres.
Have a spin-off
Research into lasers has had important spin-offs for eye-surgery.
Ramifications of
The ramifications of the decision whether to build a new airport or not are
enormous.
Ramifications for
The course that people choose to do at university can have ramifications for the rest
of their lives.
Economic/legal/political etc ramifications
Whatever the judges decide, the legal ramifications of the case will be with us for
many years to come.
Wider ramifications
(=more complicated results)
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The introduction of national testing in schools had wider ramifications than people
realized.
Repercussions of
The psychological repercussions of the accident might affect her for the rest of her
life.
Have repercussions (on something)
The transport strike had all sorts of repercussions on other industries.
Important/profound/serious etc repercussions
A scandal like this could have serious repercussions on his political career.
Economic/legal/political etc repercussions
Even the possibility of a war in the Middle East has important political repercussions.
3-
when one thing happens because of another
Because of
Sampras seemed likely to miss the US Open because of a back injury.
Because of problems with the fuel system, the launch has been put back a week.
She was chosen for the Peace Prize because of her courageous fight for democracy.
Be a result of/result from
Our success is the result of a great deal of hard work.
The big population increase in the US was partly the result of immigration.
It is thought that the train crash resulted from a fault on the line.
When one thing happens because of another
Be the product of
When one thing happens because of another
The agreement was the product of 21 months of negotiations.
Saturday's goal was the product of some poor defending by the opposing team.
When one thing happens because of another
Stem from from (doing) something
Many of my patients' anxieties stem from experiences in their childhood.
The dog's aggression stemmed from being kept locked up all day.
Stem from the fact that
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