The Panama Canal is long.
15
Gatun Lake was created so that less would be needed.
16
Water is transferred between the lock chambers using .
17
Ferdinand de Lesseps’ company was funded by .
18
Under the terms of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, Panama received financial
compensation and .
19
Panama gained full control of the Panama Canal in .
PRACTICE TEST 1
9
Questions 20–23
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20–23 on your answer sheet.
Navigating the locks
Documents are checked and 20 are collected.
â
Expert 21 take control of the ship.
â
If the ship is large, 22 are used to stop it from hitting the lock walls.
â
The ship enters the first chamber and the lock gates are closed.
â
Water from the 23 is used to lift up the ship.
â
The ship enters the next chamber.
Questions 24–26
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in the boxes 24–26 on your answer sheet.
Canal
Type of canal
Current maximum ship width
Suez
24
\
25
\
Panama
Lock
26
\
PRACTICE TEST 1
10
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.
Sensory Overload
A
A re you suffering from a feeling of annoyance? Does life seem to get more and more
irritating all the time? Do you struggle day to day just to stay calm and clear-headed in
the face of more and more frustrating experiences? If your answer to these questions is
“YES,” you are not alone. In fact, you are part of a growing trend that demonstrates the
significance of the small events which annoy us on a day to day basis.
B
According to psychologist Maurice Penman, inhabitants of today’s modern cities face a
far more aggressive range of sensory experiences than ever before. “It is not simply that
the pace of life is faster in today’s world, or that people are under more pressure at
work. Of course, both those things are true. But today people are exposed to a greater
number of both visual and auditory stimuli. Basically, this means we are being asked to
both look at and listen to far more than we ever have been before."
C
However, Penman is quick to point out that many of the things which are contributing to
these problems are also the same things many of us value. A greater sense of irritation
is the price we pay for the convenience of the Internet and mobile phones. “Mobile
phones are a very significant example to consider. There is no doubt that they are useful
in a multitude of ways, and most people do not want to go back to the days before
them. But at the same time, mobile phones have almost completely destroyed a sense
of quiet public space. There was a time when you could rely on public transport being
relatively quiet, a place to think about the events of the day on the way home. Now a
bus or a train carriage can feel like being locked in a busy office.”
D
The increase in sensory demands is not just due to the use of mobile phones.
Advertisers are reaching out to potential consumers more aggressively than ever. News
services are now broadcast on buses and at train platforms. Family meals are frequently
interrupted by telephone canvassers and email users are often forced to deal with an
avalanche of unsolicited promotional messages, or “SPAM”. One could easily imagine
that our children and their children may have to guard their homes from an
overwhelming amount of annoyance.
PRACTICE TEST 1
11
E
While it is difficult to deny the growth in these increasingly annoying events in our day,
is there actually any real significance to these facts? Penman argues: “There is no doubt
that on the surface, this increase of stimuli in our day simply appears to be a matter of
minor annoyance. But when we look closely, we can see that this has the potential to
significantly affect our psychological health.” He goes on to explain that if exposure to
these irritations is frequent and prolonged, very subtly our stress levels begin to rise. As
they do, we find there is a compound effect. Stress from the minor episodes in the day
starts to increase our feeling of pressure when faced with major challenges at work. We
are increasingly carrying a greater and greater stress load, with opportunities to relax
and unwind more and more restricted. Penman points out that even though we all
sometimes crave stimulation, we have become so obsessed with it in the twenty-first
century that it has now become almost impossible to avoid. Shops increasingly feel the
need to play loud, thumping rock or techno music. Advertising becomes more and more
energetically aggressive all the time. This, Penman maintains, prevents us from dealing
with our daily stress and eliminating it from our systems. He adds: “You really do need to
get right out of the city and into a quiet space now, though most of us are too busy to
do that very often.”
F
It might be easy for critics to dismiss the annoying experience of too many mobile
phones on the bus, or any of the other stimuli Maurice Penman cites. However, it is the
failure to eliminate stress which leads to potentially fatal consequences. If these daily
distractions are contributing seriously to our stress levels, then Penman has identified a
significant danger. We now know that stress truly is a killer, and has been implicated in
the rise of depression, heart disease and even weight problems, as it increases
hormones in the body which stimulate the appetite for fattening carbohydrate-rich
foods.
G
There is no denying that Maurice Penn's main arguments are compelling. It seems that
stress has become so prevalent that people are getting stressed about their levels of
stress. But what are we supposed to do? He suggests we do everything we can to go
within ourselves and try to maintain a sense of personal peace and space. He
recommends the use of meditation and relaxation tapes, exercise at the end of the day
whenever possible and greater emphasis on fun. Unfortunately, Maurice Penman had no
suggestions for those of us who find meditation frustrating, or who get annoyed at
relaxation tapes. He had no recommendations for days when you can’t find any
equipment you need in the gym, or find yourself irritated at those around you who keep
saying you need to have more fun.
PRACTICE TEST 1
12
Questions 27–33
Reading Passage 3 has 8 paragraphs, A–H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 27–33 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any letter more than once.
27
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