Fast food companies admit that the food they serve is unhealthy.
7
Soy products have been proven to stop certain illnesses.
8
Some health-conscious people are overconsuming certain foods.
9
One health expert worries that frustration might stop people maintaining a good diet.
10
Fast food advertising will increasingly influence what people think is healthy.
Questions 11–13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 11–13 on your answer sheet.
11
People are unsure about what is considered healthy because
A
dairy foods are now considered unhealthy.
B
the healthier replacements to unhealthy foods are being criticised.
C
junk food is promoted as being healthy.
D
healthy foods are no longer available.
12
According to the article, soya can be considered healthy because
A
it has been found to be a miracle food.
B
it doesn’t promote allergies as dairy products do.
C
healthy people in Asia eat it in average amounts.
D
it can prevent serious illnesses.
13
The main reason for the increase in fast food customers is
A
the option of healthier food.
B
effective advertising.
C
confusion about healthy food choices.
D
people giving up trying to eat healthy food.
PRACTICE TEST 1
6
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.
The Panama Canal
A
The Panama Canal is an artificial waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. It is a major conduit for maritime trade. Prior to its opening in 1914, ships
travelling between the east and west coasts of the United States had been obliged to
round Cape Horn at the tip of South America. Passage through the canal shortens this
voyage by around 15,000 kilometres. The Panama Canal is still dwarfed by the world’s
other great artificial waterway, the Suez Canal, which measures 193 kilometres from one
end to the other. The Panama Canal is 111 kilometres shorter than its counterpart in
Egypt, at 82 kilometres.
B
The Panama Canal uses locks to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake that was
created to reduce the amount of excavation required to build the canal, and then lower
them back down to sea level at the other end. A ship takes an average of 25 hours to
negotiate the canal from one end to the other, though this includes waiting time. Once
tolls have been paid and important papers inspected by officials, a ship can begin its
transit of the canal itself, which usually takes around 10 hours. Smaller craft are
permitted to move through the locks unassisted, but larger ones must at this point be
attached to locomotives that run along tracks on the walls of the lock. These serve to
keep the vessel centred in the lock and prevent any contact with the lock itself. Local
pilots with extensive experience navigating the canal board the vessel and slowly move
it forward into the first chamber. The locks essentially function like elevators. The first
chamber is sealed off by closing the lock gates behind the ship, and operators then
allow water to flow in. The adjacent chamber supplies this water, which raises the level
of the ship, allowing it to move forward. The system relies not on machinery but gravity
to move water from one chamber to the next. This process continues until the ships
reaches the level of Gatun Lake, and is then repeated in reverse at the other end.
C
The first attempt to construct a canal through the then-Colombian province of Panama
began in 1881 when the Colombian government granted a concession to a privately
owned French company. Under the leadership of Ferdinand de Lesseps, the company
was able to raise capital from small investors because of de Lesseps’ previous success
building the Suez Canal in Egypt. Even though the Panama Canal only needed to be half
the length of the Suez Canal, the project was significantly more challenging. The French
eventually abandoned the project in 1889, by which time around 22,000 workers had
lost their lives.
D
The United States formally took control of the canal property in 1904. This was following
the passage of the Spooner Act by Congress in 1902, which authorised the purchase of
the French company’s assets and construction of the canal, provided that a treaty could
be negotiated with Colombia. When treaty negotiations broke down, Panama, with the
backing of the United States, declared its independence, which allowed the Hay–Bunau-
Varilla Treaty to be negotiated between the United States and Panama. As a newly
established republic, Panama was seeking the protection of the United States, which
the United States was willing to guarantee in exchange for control of a 16-kilometre
strip across the Isthmus of Panama. The United States also agreed to pay Panama an
initial sum of $10 million, as well as a $250,000 annuity that would begin nine years after
the opening of the canal.
PRACTICE TEST 1
7
E
There were challenges during construction, but the Americans made solid progress, and
the canal was finally opened to traffic in 1914. The United States retained sole control of
the canal and the surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the signing of the Torrijos–
Carter Treaties in 1977. These treaties provided for the handover of the canal to
Panama, which would not be completely realised until 1999. The canal was initially
administered by the Panama Canal Commission, a joint US–Panama agency set up to
manage the canal in the intervening years. The canal is now administered by the
Panama Canal Authority, which was set up in 1997 in preparation for the handover.
F
Despite having enjoyed a privileged position for many years, the Panama Canal is facing
increasing competition from other routes. Much of this competition comes from the
Suez Canal, which, despite being half a world away, is often seen as a viable alternative
route for cargo being transported from Asia to the US East Coast. This is partly because
of its lower tolls, but also because it can more easily accommodate larger ships. As a
sea-level canal, locks were not needed and construction was more straightforward,
which meant they were able to build a relatively wide canal to accommodate fully laden
ships up to 50 metres wide. The Panama Canal could originally handle ships with a width
of up to 32.31 metres, but in order to retain the market share it was losing to other
routes, including the Suez Canal, a project to build a third set of locks was begun in
2007. Completed in 2015, these locks now allow ships up to 51.25 metres wide to pass
through the canal, but the maximum vessel height remains unchanged at 57.91 metres
due to the need to fit under the Bridge of the Americas, which spans the Pacific
entrance to the canal.
PRACTICE TEST 1
8
Questions 14–19
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
14
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