55
•
Unclear causal links. The case studies included protracted emergencies that allowed for
longitudinal analysis and the tracking of humanitarian conditions over time. Even
these analyses, however, did not allow for clear causal attributions because many other
determining factors were changing at the same time, including the level of security,
available funding, climatic conditions and ongoing population movements.
52
91
By design, moreover, clusters can address only some of several possible causes for
gaps. In the case of information problems, clusters can play a very valuable role in
raising awareness. Concerning resource constraints, clusters can play an important
advocacy role vis-à-vis donors, but it is unrealistic to expect lead agencies to be
able to cover major gaps. Relating to insecurity and/or political access problems,
clusters cannot address the root causes of the problem, but may play a useful role
in facilitating contacts between UN agencies, which tend to face severe access
problems, and NGOs that are active on the ground.
92
That said, clusters do play an important role in reducing duplications, which
improves efficiency and allows greater coverage with the same resources.
Most humanitarian actors interviewed in the case study countries can point to
examples where clusters have helped to identify and subsequently avoid instances
of duplication. In many cases, organizations realized through cluster meetings or
the compilation of the 3Ws that they were planning similar projects for the same
area. The evidence was most clear in cases where clusters had developed specific
tools that systematically uncovered duplications, like the shelter databases in Haiti
and the oPt or the education database in Uganda. In these cases, clusters also
reduced the abuse of aid, as they identified individuals claiming compensation or
receiving support several times, as well as absentee teachers.
93
There is also clear evidence of enhanced coverage in those thematic areas of
response that had received no or barely any attention before the introduction of
the cluster approach. Thus, the case study countries witnessed clearly increased
attention to the issues of gender-based violence, child protection and, in the
case of the oPt, disability. In DRC, coverage of protection, WASH, education
and nutrition issues, as well as the provision of logistics services, also increased
clearly.
94
Beyond this, however, several arguments and indicators point to the fact that the
overall effect on coverage was limited:
•
Affected populations, for example in Myanmar, the oPt, DRC and Uganda, did
not perceive marked changes in the level and quality of humanitarian response
that would correlate with the introduction of the cluster approach.
52 Similar methodological problems relating to impact evaluations in humanitarian settings are discussed for
example in Buttenheim (2009).
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