Iasc cluster approach evaluation, 2nd phase april 2010



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Cluster Approach Evaluation 2

Executive Summary
Introduction
Method
Background
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
Attribution problems


55
 
•   
Unclear causal links. The case studies included protracted emergencies that allowed for 
longitudinal analysis and the tracking of humanitarian conditions over time. Even 
these analyses, however, did not allow for clear causal attributions because many other 
determining factors were changing at the same time, including the level of security, 
available funding, climatic conditions and ongoing population movements.
52
 
91
   By design, moreover, clusters can address only some of several possible causes for 
gaps. In the case of information problems, clusters can play a very valuable role in 
raising awareness. Concerning resource constraints, clusters can play an important 
advocacy role vis-à-vis donors, but it is unrealistic to expect lead agencies to be 
able to cover major gaps. Relating to insecurity and/or political access problems, 
clusters cannot address the root causes of the problem, but may play a useful role 
in  facilitating  contacts  between  UN  agencies,  which  tend  to  face  severe  access 
problems, and NGOs that are active on the ground. 
92
   That  said,  clusters  do  play  an  important  role  in  reducing  duplications,  which 
improves  efficiency  and  allows  greater  coverage  with  the  same  resources. 
Most humanitarian actors interviewed in the case study countries can point to 
examples where clusters have helped to identify and subsequently avoid instances 
of duplication. In many cases, organizations realized through cluster meetings or 
the compilation of the 3Ws that they were planning similar projects for the same 
area. The evidence was most clear in cases where clusters had developed specific 
tools that systematically uncovered duplications, like the shelter databases in Haiti 
and  the  oPt  or  the  education  database  in  Uganda.  In  these  cases,  clusters  also 
reduced the abuse of aid, as they identified individuals claiming compensation or 
receiving support several times, as well as absentee teachers. 
93
   There  is  also  clear  evidence  of  enhanced  coverage  in  those  thematic  areas  of 
response that had received no or barely any attention before the introduction of 
the cluster approach. Thus, the case study countries witnessed clearly increased 
attention  to  the  issues  of  gender-based  violence,  child  protection  and,  in  the 
case  of  the  oPt,  disability.  In  DRC,  coverage  of  protection,  WASH,  education 
and nutrition issues, as well as the provision of logistics services, also increased 
clearly.
94
   Beyond this, however, several arguments and indicators point to the fact that the 
overall effect on coverage was limited:
 
•   
Affected populations, for example in Myanmar, the oPt, DRC and Uganda, did 
not perceive marked changes in the level and quality of humanitarian response 
that would correlate with the introduction of the cluster approach. 
52   Similar methodological problems relating to impact evaluations in humanitarian settings are discussed for 
example in Buttenheim (2009).

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