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Bog'liq
[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

W
ITHOUT
T
AX
W
ITH
T
AX
C
HANGE
Consumer Surplus
A



C
A

(B 

C)
Producer Surplus




F
F

(D 

E)
Tax Revenue
None


D

(B 

D)
Total Surplus
A









F
A





F

(C 

E)
C
HANGES IN
W
ELFARE FROM A
T
AX
.
This table refers to the areas marked in Figure 8-3 to
show how a tax affects the welfare of buyers and sellers in a market.
The area C 

E shows the fall in total surplus and is the deadweight loss of the tax.


C H A P T E R 8
A P P L I C AT I O N : T H E C O S T S O F TA X AT I O N
1 6 5
We l f a r e w i t h a Ta x
Now consider welfare after the tax is enacted. The price
paid by buyers rises from 
P
1
to 
P
B
, so consumer surplus now equals only area A (the
area below the demand curve and above the buyer’s price). The price received by
sellers falls from 
P
1
to 
P
S
, so producer surplus now equals only area F (the area above
the supply curve and below the seller’s price). The quantity sold falls from 
Q
1
to 
Q
2
,
and the government collects tax revenue equal to the area B

D.
To compute total surplus with the tax, we add consumer surplus, producer
surplus, and tax revenue. Thus, we find that total surplus is area A





F.
The second column of Table 8-1 provides a summary.
C h a n g e s i n W e l f a r e
We can now see the effects of the tax by comparing
welfare before and after the tax is enacted. The third column in Table 8-1 shows the
changes. The tax causes consumer surplus to fall by the area B 

C and producer
surplus to fall by the area D 

E. Tax revenue rises by the area B 

D. Not surpris-
ingly, the tax makes buyers and sellers worse off and the government better off.
The change in total welfare includes the change in consumer surplus (which
is negative), the change in producer surplus (which is also negative), and the
change in tax revenue (which is positive). When we add these three pieces to-
gether, we find that total surplus in the market falls by the area C 

E. 
Thus, the
losses to buyers and sellers from a tax exceed the revenue raised by the government.
The
fall in total surplus that results when a tax (or some other policy) distorts a mar-
ket outcome is called the 

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