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Bog'liq
[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

B
EFORE
T
RADE
A
FTER
T
RADE
C
HANGE
Consumer Surplus
A
A



D

(B 

D)
Producer Surplus


C
C

B
Total Surplus
A



C
A





D

D
t a r i f f
a tax on goods produced abroad and
sold domestically
The area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.


C H A P T E R 9
A P P L I C AT I O N : I N T E R N AT I O N A L T R A D E
1 8 7
steel, a tax on steel imports is irrelevant. The tariff matters only if Isoland becomes
a steel importer. Concentrating their attention on this case, the economists com-
pare welfare with and without the tariff.
Figure 9-6 shows the Isolandian market for steel. Under free trade, the domes-
tic price equals the world price. A tariff raises the price of imported steel above the
world price by the amount of the tariff. Domestic suppliers of steel, who compete
with suppliers of imported steel, can now sell their steel for the world price plus
the amount of the tariff. Thus, the price of steel—both imported and domestic—
rises by the amount of the tariff and is, therefore, closer to the price that would
prevail without trade.
The change in price affects the behavior of domestic buyers and sellers. Be-
cause the tariff raises the price of steel, it reduces the domestic quantity demanded
from 
Q
1
D
to 
Q
2
D
and raises the domestic quantity supplied from 
Q
1
S
to 
Q
2
S

Thus, the
tariff reduces the quantity of imports and moves the domestic market closer to its equilib-
rium without trade.
Now consider the gains and losses from the tariff. Because the tariff raises the
domestic price, domestic sellers are better off, and domestic buyers are worse off.
In addition, the government raises revenue. To measure these gains and losses, we
look at the changes in consumer surplus, producer surplus, and government rev-
enue. These changes are summarized in Table 9-3.
Before the tariff, the domestic price equals the world price. Consumer surplus,
the area between the demand curve and the world price, is area A









F. Producer surplus, the area between the supply curve and the world price,
is area G. Government revenue equals zero. Total surplus, the sum of consumer
surplus, producer surplus, and government revenue, is area A







E



G.
O
UR STORY ABOUT THE STEEL INDUSTRY
and the debate over trade policy in
Isoland is just a parable. Or is it?

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