5 1 1
I N T H I S C H A P T E R
Y O U W I L L . . .
L e a r n t h e
d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n
r e a l a n d n o m i n a l
i n t e r e s t r a t e s
C o m p a r e t h e C P I
a n d t h e G D P
d e f l a t o r a s
m e a s u r e s o f t h e
o v e r a l l p r i c e l e v e l
L e a r n h o w t h e
c o n s u m e r p r i c e
i n d e x ( C P I ) i s
c o n s t r u c t e d
C o n s i d e r w h y t h e
C P I i s a n i m p e r f e c t
m e a s u r e o f t h e c o s t
o f l i v i n g
S e e h o w t o u s e a
p r i c e i n d e x t o
c o m p a r e d o l l a r
f i g u r e s f r o m
d i f f e r e n t t i m e s
In 1931, as the U.S. economy was suffering through the Great Depression, famed
baseball player Babe Ruth earned $80,000. At the time, this salary was extraordi-
nary, even among the stars of baseball. According to one story, a reporter asked
Ruth whether he thought it was right that he made more than President Herbert
Hoover, who had a salary of only $75,000.
Ruth replied, “I had a better year.”
Today the average baseball player earns more than 10 times Ruth’s 1931 salary,
and the best players can earn 100 times as much. At first, this fact might lead you
to think that baseball has become much more lucrative over the past six decades.
But, as everyone knows, the prices of goods and services have also risen. In 1931,
a nickel would buy an ice-cream cone, and a quarter would buy a ticket at the local
movie theater. Because prices were so much lower in Babe Ruth’s day than they
are in ours, it is not clear whether Ruth enjoyed a higher or lower standard of liv-
ing than today’s players.
M E A S U R I N G T H E
C O S T
O F
L I V I N G
5 1 2
PA R T E I G H T
T H E D ATA O F M A C R O E C O N O M I C S
In the preceding chapter we looked at how economists
use gross domestic
product (GDP) to measure the quantity of goods and services that the economy is
producing. This chapter examines how economists measure the overall cost of liv-
ing. To compare Babe Ruth’s salary of $80,000 to salaries from today, we need to
find some way of turning dollar figures into meaningful measures of purchasing
power. That is exactly the job of a statistic called the
consumer price index.
After see-
ing how the consumer price index is constructed, we discuss how we can use such
a price index to compare dollar figures from different points in time.
The consumer price index is used to monitor changes in the cost of living over
time. When the consumer price index rises, the typical family has to spend more
dollars to maintain the same standard of living. Economists use the term
inflation
to describe a situation in which the economy’s overall price level is rising. The
inflation rate
is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
As we will see in the coming chapters, inflation is a closely watched aspect of
macroeconomic performance and is a key variable guiding macroeconomic policy.
This chapter provides the background for that analysis by showing how econo-
mists measure the inflation rate using the consumer price index.
T H E C O N S U M E R P R I C E I N D E X
The
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