I N T H I S C H A P T E R
Y O U W I L L . . .
S e e h o w f i r m
b e h a v i o r d e t e r m i n e s
a m a r k e t ’ s s h o r t -
r u n a n d l o n g - r u n
s u p p l y c u r v e s
E x a m i n e h o w
c o m p e t i t i v e f i r m s
d e c i d e w h e n t o s h u t
d o w n p r o d u c t i o n
t e m p o r a r i l y
L e a r n w h a t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
m a k e a m a r k e t
c o m p e t i t i v e
E x a m i n e h o w
c o m p e t i t i v e f i r m s
d e c i d e h o w m u c h
o u t p u t t o p r o d u c e
E x a m i n e h o w
c o m p e t i t i v e f i r m s
d e c i d e w h e t h e r
t o e x i t o r e n t e r
a m a r k e t
If your local gas station raised the price it charges for gasoline by 20 percent, it
would see a large drop in the amount of gasoline it sold.
Its customers would
quickly switch to buying their gasoline at other gas stations. By contrast, if your lo-
cal water company raised the price of water by 20 percent, it would see only a
small decrease in the amount of water it sold. People might water their lawns less
often and buy more water-efficient shower heads, but they would be hard-pressed
to reduce water consumption greatly and would be unlikely to find another sup-
plier. The difference between the gasoline market and the water market is obvious:
There are many firms pumping gasoline, but there is only one firm pumping wa-
ter. As you might expect, this difference in market structure shapes the pricing and
production decisions of the firms that operate in these markets.
In this chapter we examine the behavior of competitive firms, such as your lo-
cal gas station. You may recall that a market is competitive if each buyer and seller
F I R M S I N
C O M P E T I T I V E
M A R K E T S
2 9 1
2 9 2
PA R T F I V E
F I R M B E H AV I O R A N D T H E O R G A N I Z AT I O N O F I N D U S T R Y
is small compared to the size of the market and, therefore, has little ability to in-
fluence market prices. By contrast, if a firm can influence the market price of the
good it sells, it is said to have
market power.
In the three chapters that follow this
one, we examine the behavior of firms with market power, such as your local wa-
ter company.
Our analysis of competitive firms in this chapter will shed light on the deci-
sions that lie behind the supply curve in a competitive market. Not surprisingly,
we will find that a market supply curve is tightly linked to firms’
costs of produc-
tion. (Indeed, this general insight should be familiar to you from our analysis in
Chapter 7.) But among a firm’s various costs—fixed, variable, average, and mar-
ginal—which ones are most relevant for its decision about the quantity to sup-
ply? We will see that all these measures of cost play important and interrelated
roles.
W H AT I S A C O M P E T I T I V E M A R K E T ?
Our goal in this chapter is to examine how firms make production decisions in
competitive markets. As a background for this analysis, we begin by considering
what a competitive market is.
T H E M E A N I N G O F C O M P E T I T I O N
Although we have already discussed the meaning of competition in Chapter 4,
let’s review the lesson briefly. A
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