I n t h I s c h a p t e r y o u w I l L



Download 5,6 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet142/472
Sana09.04.2022
Hajmi5,6 Mb.
#539976
1   ...   138   139   140   141   142   143   144   145   ...   472
Bog'liq
[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

lump-sum tax.
A lump-sum tax shows clearly the difference between average and marginal
tax rates. For a taxpayer with income of $20,000, the average tax rate of a $4,000
lump-sum tax is 20 percent; for a taxpayer with income of $40,000, the average tax
rate is 10 percent. For both taxpayers, the marginal tax rate is zero because an ad-
ditional dollar of income would not change the amount of tax owed.
A lump-sum tax is the most efficient tax possible. Because a person’s decisions
do not alter the amount owed, the tax does not distort incentives and, therefore,
does not cause deadweight losses. Because everyone can easily compute the
amount owed and because there is no benefit to hiring tax lawyers and accoun-
tants, the lump-sum tax imposes a minimal administrative burden on taxpayers.
If lump-sum taxes are so efficient, why do we rarely observe them in the real
world? The reason is that efficiency is only one goal of the tax system. A lump-sum
tax would take the same amount from the poor and the rich, an outcome most peo-
ple would view as unfair. To understand the tax systems that we observe, we must
therefore consider the other major goal of tax policy: equity.
Q U I C K Q U I Z :
What is meant by the 
efficiency
of a tax system?

What can 
make a tax system inefficient?
TA X E S A N D E Q U I T Y
Ever since American colonists dumped imported tea into Boston harbor to protest
high British taxes, tax policy has generated some of the most heated debates in
American politics. The heat is rarely fueled by questions of efficiency. Instead, it
arises from disagreements over how the tax burden should be distributed. Senator
Russell Long once mimicked the public debate with this ditty:
l u m p - s u m t a x
a tax that is the same amount for
every person


C H A P T E R 1 2
T H E D E S I G N O F T H E TA X S Y S T E M
2 5 5
Don’t tax you.
Don’t tax me.
Tax that fella behind the tree.
Of course, if we are to rely on the government to provide some of the goods and
services we want, taxes must fall on someone. In this section we consider the eq-
uity of a tax system. How should the burden of taxes be divided among the popu-
lation? How do we evaluate whether a tax system is fair? Everyone agrees that the
tax system should be equitable, but there is much disagreement about what equity
means and how the equity of a tax system can be judged.
T H E B E N E F I T S P R I N C I P L E
One principle of taxation, called the 

Download 5,6 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   138   139   140   141   142   143   144   145   ...   472




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish