И. А. Курбасова Е. И. Силантьева

From the History of Car Building fn Russia
(1) In Russia, the construction of passenger cars was started in 1846 at the Alexander Works which was also the first to build steam locomotives and wagons.

(2) The first carriages were vehicles without compart­ments. They were mounted on two trucks and had a body made of wood. Each carriage seated 90 passengers. An empty vehicle weighed 22 tons.

(3) Ten years later, a number of passenger cars were supplied to the Russian railways from abroad. These cars had neither heating nor toilet rooms. They proved unsuit­able for the Russian winter and had to be reconstructed later.

(4) In the middle of the sixties, all the carriages operat­ed on the Moscow—Petersburg railway were produced in Russia. Unlike the cars operated in the European countries these cars were heated by stoves and had toilet rooms.

(5) Of significant importance for the history of the car building industry in our country were the Kovrovsky Work­shops. The Kovrovsky Workshops were the first to introduce steam and water heating, lighting and roof ventilation in cars. The cars turned out by the Workshops were durable and had good performance characteristics.

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1. The sleeping cars are considered to date their origin as far back as the middle of the last century. 2. In some countries the permanent way happens to be covered with deep snow in winter. 3. In recent years, refrigerated traf­fic is reported to have experienced a considerable increase; this may be expected to continue in the future. 4. The diesel engine has been found to be more economical than other internal combustion engines. 5. The tube transporta­tion may be supposed to become a principal kind of city transport. 6. One motor car turns out to burn an average of 2 tons of fuel per year. 7. The introduction of opening roofs is expected to simplify the loading and unloading of goods. 8. Nearly 50 % of all freight cars throughout the world are said to be of the open-top type. 9. The bodies of the early covered cars seemed to look like large boxes on wheels. 10. Motor vehicles are claimed to use 4 times as much air as the world population. 11. The share (доля) of transport in the total freight turnover of у is likely to change in the future; nevertheless, vvays are sure to remain the chief type of freight ge for a long time yet. 12. The diesel engine is regard-to be the most efficient prime mover among all heat -ngines.