Human rights in the age of

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Machine learning works like this:
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(1) 
Programmers begin with a historical data set
, which is divided into a training set and a test set. 
(2) 
They then choose a model
, a mathematical structure that characterizes a range of possible decision-
making rules. This model includes adjustable parameters. The model is like a box, and the parameters are 
the adjustable knobs on the box. 
(3) 
They define an objective function 
used to evaluate the desirability of the outcome. 
(4) 
They train the model
, which is the process of adjusting the parameters to maximize the objective function.
(5) Once trained, 
they use the test dataset to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the model.
Ideally, 
the model should perform similarly on the test data. The goal is to be able to generalize the model, so it is 
accurate in response to cases it has never seen before. 
5. DEEP LEARNING: 
A machine learning technique that uses structures called “neural networks” that are 
inspired by the human brain. These consist of a set of layered units, modeled after neurons. Each layer of 
units processes a set of input values and produces output values that are passed onto the next layer of units. 
Neural networks often consist of more than 100 layers, with a large number of units in each layer to enable 
the recognition of extremely complex and precise patterns in data. 
To explore this further, consider image recognition software that utilizes neural networks to identify a picture 
of an elephant. The first layer of units might look at the raw image data for the most basic patterns, perhaps 
that there is a thing with what appears to be four legs. Then the next layer would look for patterns within these 
patterns, perhaps that it is an animal. Then maybe the next layer identifies the trunk. This process would 
continue throughout many layers, recognizing increasingly precise patterns in the image, until the network is 
able to identify that it is indeed a picture of an elephant. 
11 “Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence”, 9.