Part
3
factors Affecting Employee Behaviour
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notably in the contribution of Richard Walton (1985)
whose seminal article in the Harvard Business
Review advocated the adoption of a commitment
strategy rather than one based on control. The most
recent construct is that of engagement, which was
first presented in a 1990 Academy of Management
Journal article by William Kahn. He defined engage-
ment as ‘the harnessing of organization members’
selves to their work roles’ (1990: 694).
The construct of engagement contains elements
of motivation and commitment, as explained in
Chapter 14. It also embraces the notion of organ-
izational citizenship behaviour (OCB), which is
positive discretionary behaviour at work that goes
beyond role requirements. The relationships between
engagement, motivation and OCB are considered in
Chapter 15.
However, it is difficult to disentangle the con-
cepts of motivation, commitment and engagement,
although an attempt to do so is made in the three
chapters of this part. Simplistically, it could be argued
that when motivation is extrinsic, ie when things
are done to or for people in order to motivate them,
such as through pay or recognition, the aim is to
make a direct impact on individual performance.
In contrast, both commitment and engagement are
states of being that can be affected by managerial
actions. They are not so direct or immediate as the
direct instruments used in the motivation strategies
aimed at individuals. Engagement and commitment
strategies may be more about taking action that
affects employees collectively such as improvements
in the work environment.
Three other aspects of the behaviour of people
at work are considered in this part. The first of these
is job satisfaction, ie the attitudes and feelings
that people have about their jobs. This is associated
with motivation and engagement but it could be
regarded as an outcome of engagement rather than
a constituent of it. Whether or not job satisfaction
improves performance is considered in Chapters 13
and 15. Second, the relationship between money
and motivation is examined in Chapter 13. This is
important because it affects policies and practices
concerned with the use of pay as an incentive or
reward. Third, reference is made in Chapter 15 to
the dark side of engagement – burnout – how it
happens and what can be done about it.
Walton, R E (1985) From control to commitment
in the workplace, Harvard Business Review,
March–April, pp 77–84
Kahn, W A (1990) Psychological conditions of personal
engagement and disengagement at work, Academy
of Management Journal, 33 (4), pp 692–724
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