Lean manufacturing
Lean manufacturing or lean production, often known
simply as ‘Lean’, is a process improvement method-
ology developed by Toyota in Japan. Lean focuses on
reducing waste and ensuring the flow of production
in order to deliver value to customers. It concentrates
initially on the design of the process so that waste can
be minimized during manufacture. It then examines
operations in order to identify opportunities to im-
prove the flow of production, remove wasteful prac-
tices and engage in continuous improvement. Various
tools are available such as ‘FiveS’, which is a work-
place methodology that uses a list of five words start-
ing with the letter ‘S’ (sorting, straightening, system-
atic cleaning, standardizing and sustaining). Reference
to these enables a dialogue to take place with em-
ployees on how work should be done.
But as noted by the CIPD (2008: 11), the success
of Lean depends not so much on the tools but on its
approach to work. Lean is implemented by com-
munities of people who carry out and supervise the
work and may include stakeholders such as custom-
ers. Lean team members are encouraged to think
flexibly and be adaptable to change. They have a
sense of ownership of what they do and achieve.
Case studIes
Work organization: W L Gore
As described by the CIPD (2008: 25–26), W L Gore, which is
best known for its GORE-TEX® fabrics, has a non-hierarchical,
flat organization structure (a ‘lattice’ structure). There are
no traditional organization charts, no ranks or job titles and
no chains of command nor predetermined channels of
communication. What is important when recruiting new
people is that they have the right fit with Gore’s culture.
There are no rigid job specifications. Instead, associates
make a commitment to contribute individually and collec-
tively to work areas or projects according to their skills.
Individuals are encouraged to take an interest in a wide
variety of job areas or projects. Provided the core respon-
sibilities within their role are carried out, associates can
then stretch and build on their role to suit their interests,
aspirations and the business needs. Gore’s ‘lattice’ structure
gives associates the opportunity to use their own judgement,
take ownership of work areas and access the resources
they need for projects to be successful. Gore’s core values
and ways of working are built on the principles of ‘smart
working’. Its unique culture, which fosters creativity, self-
motivation, participation and equality, has proved to be a
key contributor to associate satisfaction and retention.
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