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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

The opposing view

The  opposing  view  is  that  businesses  are  there  to 

make a profit, not to exercise social responsibility. 

The marketing expert Theodore Levitt (1958: 41), 

in an article in the Harvard Business Review on the 

dangers of social responsibility, posed the questions: 

‘Are top executives being taken in by pretty words 



Chapter 

9

  Corporate Social Responsibility

109

and soft ideas? Are they letting the country in for  

a nightmare return to feudalism by forgetting that 

they  must  be  businessmen  first,  last  and  almost  

always?’  He  did  write  that  CSR  can  be  used  as  

‘a way of maximizing the lifetime of capitalism by 

taking  the  wind  out  of  its  critics’  sails’  (ibid:  43). 

But, writing as an unrestructured capitalist, he sug-

gested that: ‘The essence of free enterprise is to go 

after  profit  in  any  way  that  is  consistent  with  its 

own survival as an economic system’ (ibid: 44).

The Chicago monetarist Milton Friedman (1962: 

133–34) questioned the ability of business managers 

to pursue the social interest. He asked:

If businessmen do have a social responsibility 

other than making maximum profits for 

stockholders, how are they to know what it is? 

Can self-selected private individuals decide what 

the social interest is? Can they decide how great a 

burden they are justified in placing on themselves 

or their stockholders to serve that social interest?

In 1970 Friedman argued that the social responsi-

bility of business is to maximize profits within the 

bounds  of  the  law.  He  maintained  that  the  mere  

existence of CSR was an agency problem within the 

firm in that it was a misuse of the resources entrusted 

to managers by owners, which could be better used 

on value-added internal projects or returned to the 

shareholders.

These  outspoken  views  may  no  longer  be  sup-

ported  so  openly  but  they  still  exist  and  are  still 

acted on. There is much evidence that CSR is not on 

the agenda – for example, UK banks that made money 

by selling worthless investments or insurance policies 

and then failed to respond adequately to complaints. 

And, less egregiously, a glance at the ‘Your Problems’ 

column in the Observer reveals plenty of instances 

of businesses indulging in antisocial behaviour. It is 

necessary, therefore, to have a convincing case for 

the benefits of CSR.



Benefits of CSR

Benefits  from  CSR  listed  by  the  CIPD  (2003:  4) 

include, ‘offering distinctive positioning in the market 

place, protecting reputation, building credibility and 

trust with customers and employees, redefining cor-

porate purpose or mission and securing the company’s 

licence to operate’.

Much  research  has  been  conducted  into  the  

relationship  between  CSR  and  firm  performance. 

For  example,  Russo  and  Fouts  (1997)  found  that 

there was a positive relationship between environ-

mental  performance  and  financial  performance. 

Hillman  and  Keim  (2001)  established  that  if  the  

socially responsible activity were directly related to 

primary stakeholders, then investments may benefit 

not  only  stakeholders  but  also  result  in  increased 

shareholder wealth. However, participation in social 

issues beyond the direct stakeholders may adversely 

affect a firm’s ability to create such wealth.


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