Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

I-16 Subject 
Index
Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt 
stage, 404
Availability heuristic strategy, 249
Aversive conditioning, 549
Avoidant coping, 480
Awa tribe (New Guinea), 420
Axons
description of, 61, 62 f
ganglion (optic nerve), 107 f –108
movement of action potential 
along, 67 f
synapse between dendrite and, 65 f
B 
Babbling, 266
Background stressors, 475, 476 f
Balance sense, 117–118
Barbiturates, 162 f , 167
Basilar membrane, 114, 115 f
Beck’s cognitive therapy, 554
Behavior. See also Sexual behavior
abnormal, 504
altruism, 612
applying conditioning principles 
to, 178–179
attribution processes for under-
standing causes of, 584–586
compliant and obedient, 593–596 f
conscious vs. unconscious causes 
of, 23 f , 24
deterministic view of, 454
developmental psychology study 
of, 380
dispositional cause of, 586
free will versus determinism cause 
of, 20
gender differences in aggres-
sive, 348
gender differences in nonver-
bal, 349
how culture, ethnicity, and race 
infl uence, 25 f –26
instincts and, 309–310
internal mental processes vs. 
observable, 23 f , 24
link between attitudes and, 
581–583
neutrotransmitter functions and 
role in, 66–68
Opportunity NYC paying for 
good, 188
prosocial, 611 f –612
self-fulfi lling prophecy of, 598
shaping complex, 192
situational causes of, 585–586
Type A, B, D patterns of, 485–486
variables of, 39–40 f
Behavior analysis, 194–195
Behavior economics, 587
Behavior modifi cation
basic steps for, 195
description of, 194
Behavioral assessment, 466–468
Behavioral genetics. See also Genetic 
factors
defi nition of, 6 f , 9, 74
new therapeutic treatments 
from, 75
psychological disorders and, 
74–75
Behavioral neuroscience. See also
Neuroscience in your life
defi nition of, 6, 7 f
on emotions, 333–334
key psychology issues and posi-
tion of, 23 f
memory and the brain, 217–221
perspective of, 18, 19
Behavioral neuroscientists, 60
Behavioral perspective
of abnormality, 505 f , 506
description of, 18, 19–20
key psychology issues and 
position of, 23 f
Behavioral theories of depression, 523
Behavioral treatment approaches
brain research on, 552 f
classical conditioning, 548–550
defi nition of, 548
dialectical behavior therapy, 551
evaluating, 551–552
operant conditioning, 550–551
The Bell Curve (Hernstein and 
Murray), 301
Benevolent sexism, 347
Bereavement support group, 559
Biases
assumed-similarity, 586
attribution, 586–587
avoiding experimental, 53–55
confi rmation, 260
self-service, 587
Biculturalism, 262
Big Five personality traits, 449–450 f
Bilingual education
the brain and, 275
debate over immersion vs., 
271–272
Bimodal distribution, A-7
Binge drinking, 164–165 f
Binge-eating disorder, 531
Binocular disparity, 129
Biofeedback
defi nition of, 93
pain management using, 123
recovery from nervous system 
damage using, 92–93
Biological constraints on learning, 193
Biological and evolutionary approaches 
to personality theories, 
454–457 f
Biological factors. See also
Evolutionary psychology
basic biology of sexual behavior,
356–357 f
gender differences related to, 
351–353
schizophrenia, 526–528 f
Biologically prepared for 
learning, 181
Biomedical therapy
assessing the use of, 568–569
defi nition of, 544
drug therapy, 564–567
ECT (electroconvulsive 
therapy), 567
psychosurgery, 568
Bipolar cells, 107 f , 108
Bipolar disorder
description of, 522 f –523
mood stabilizers treatment of, 
566–567
Bisexuals
defi nition of, 367
research fi ndings on, 367–369
Blackberry addict, 174
Blame-the-victim phenomenon, 536
Blind spot, 107–108 f
BMI (body mass index) quiz, 318 f
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence, 282 f
Body mass index (BMI), 317
Body setting point, 322
Boomerang children, 418
Borderline personality disorder, 530
Bottom-up processing, 128
Brain. See also Amygdala;
Neuroscience in your life
Alzheimer’s disease and deteriora-
tion of, 236 f
bilingual education and the, 275
central core (“old brain”) of 
the, 81 f , 83
cerebral cortex of the, 81 f , 83 f , 
84–88
cross-section of the, 79 f
daydreaming activity of the, 151
different kinds of intelligence and 
areas of the, 284 f
hemispheres of the, 89–92 f
hippocampus of the, 83 t , 84, 217, 
218 f –219 f , 334 f
how behavioral therapy changes 
your, 552 f
hypothalamus of the, 83, 319 f
illustrated diagram of major struc-
tures, 83 f
neuroplasticity of the, 88–89 f
neuroscience of memory and, 
217–221
processing the visual message,
108–109 f
psychosurgery of the, 568
research on personality traits and 
related neurons in the, 457 f
reticular formation in the, 81 f
schizophrenia and changes in 
the, 528 f
sending message from eyes to the,
106–108
social support research and activa-
tion in the, 482 f
technology and techniques used to 
study the, 79–81
thalamus of the, 83
Broca’s aphasia, 87
Bulimia, 322–323, 531
Bystander diffusion of responsibility 
study
description of, 41–46 f
Kitty Genovese case explained 
through, 32, 34–35, 41–46 f , 611
C 
Caffeine consumption, 161 f –162
Calorie expenditures, 324 f
Cancer
psychological aspects of, 486–487
research on personality type 
and, 487
Cannon-Bard theory of 
emotions, 332 f
Carbamazepine (Tegretol), 565 f , 566
Cardinal traits, 449
Caring morality, 415–416
Case managers, 557
Case study
compared to other methods, 45 f
description of, 38–39
Cataclysmic events, 474, 476 f
Catharsis, 609
Cell body, 62 f
Cell phone ring frequency, 117 f
Cells
bipolar, 107 f , 108
ganglion, 107 f , 108
hair, 115, 118
obesity related to fat, 321
olfactory, 118, 119
Central core (“old brain”)
cerebellum in the, 81
description of, 81 f
Central nervous system (CNS),
70–71 f
Central route processing, 580
Central tendency, A-7
Central traits, 449, 584
Cerebellum, 81
Cerebral cortex (“new brain”)
association areas of the, 87–88
description of the, 81 f , 83 f , 84
four lobes of the, 85 f
motor area of the, 86
sensory area of the, 86–87
Changing attitudes
factors which may lead to, 579–580
routes to persuasion for, 580 f –581
Chilcotin Indian tribe, 202
Child abuse
child protection caseworkers role 
in treating, 403
sexual, 371–372 f
Child protection caseworker, 403
Child-care centers, 400–401 f
Childhood development
attachment, 398–399
child care outside the home and,
400–401 f
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial 
development, 403–404
father’s role in, 399–400
information-processing 
approaches, 408–410
parenting styles and social, 
401–403
physical, 397
social behavior, 397–404
Childhood disorders
ADHD, 506, 530–531
autism, 531
Childhood sexual abuse, 371–372 f
Children
adulthood development and ties 
to, 425
bilingual education of, 271–272
cognitive development of, 404–408
fetal exposure to testosterone and 
gender behavior of, 352
gender differences in social environ-
ment of, 353–354
impact of divorce on, 425
infancy through childhood develop-
ment, 397–410
integrating individuals with men-
tal retardation, 296–297
language development in, 266–269
newborns, 393–397
Opportunity NYC program paying 
for good behavior, 188
principle of conservation learning 
by, 406, 407 f
reliability as eyewitnesses, 228
Terman’s study on intellectually 
gifted, 297–298
Chlamydia, 372
Chromosomes, 386, 387 f
Chunk
defi nition of, 211
short-term memory and, 211–212
Cingulotomy, 568
Circadian rhythms, 151
Circumcision
female, 360
male, 360
Classical conditioning
basic process of, 177 f
the basics of, 176–178
challenging basic assumptions 
of, 180–181
comparing operant and, 193–194 f
defi nition of, 176
“Little Albert” case study on, 178
Pavlov’s experiments on, 16 f , 
176–177 f , 180
as type of learning, 175
Classical conditioning treatments
aversive, 549
description of, 548–549
exposure, 550
operant, 183–195, 550–551
systematic, 549–550
Clinical mental health counselors, 545 f
Clinical neuropsychology, 6 f , 9
Clinical psychologists, 545 f
Clinical psychology, 7 f , 8
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