‘foregrounding’
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. These peculiarities are interpreted in the
context of the whole text and the details are connected to form a
coherent integrity, from which the idea and the theme are
deduced.
Foregrounding is a special feature in Arnold’s theory,
elaborated
on by her following the previous developments by such scholars as
Lev Vygotsky, Michel Riffaterre, Roman Jakobson, Samuel Levin
and others. The term means text arrangement focusing the reader’s
attention on certain elements of communication and establishing
semantically relevant relations between elements of different
language levels. Foregrounding establishes the hierarchy of
meanings, themes, bringing some to the fore, and shifting others to
the background.
The following types of foregrounding are mentioned by Arnold
and the others:
1) Strong position in a text - title; prologue, epigraph, opening
lines, end. Their great informative value is determined by
psychological factors, as they invariably draw attention to
themselves and ensure correct comprehension. Strong positions may
be also distinguished within a paragraph, they are rhemes (foci of
reasoning, main ideas), and even within a sentence — emphatic
structures with the anticipatory ‘it’,
inversion, etc.
2) Convergence
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— a bunch of stylistic devices and expressive
means converged in a definite passage to produce a certain effect on
the reader and fulfilling a relevant stylistic role (see p. 65).
3) Defeated expectancy effect
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implying the interruption of the
flow of more or less predictable elements by an unexpected or
unpredictable one. In other words, an element receives prominence
due to an interruption in the pattern of predictability. Defeated
expectancy results from a glaring discrepancy between the logical
expectations. It is characteristic of humour and satire (grotesque).
Semi-defined structures and bathos (anti-climax) are variations of
this effect.
e.g. The preoccupation of gourmet with good food is
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выдвижение
57
конвергенция
58
The phenomenon was first discussed by Roman Jakobson.
psychological. Just as the preoccupation of White Russians with
Dark Eyes is BALALAIKOLOGICAL
(Ogden Nash).
4) Coupling – semantically relevant appearance of equivalent
elements in an equivalent position, which can occur at every
language level (Samuel Levin). Seeking to bridge the divide between
meaning and conventional form in poetry, Levin documented the
cognitive features of any text or speech act - meaning-generating
elements in syntax, lexis, semantics, phonemics, shared by all
linguistic discourses, which he termed ‘salient structures’, enabling
us to attain a basic level of understanding. On the other hand, he also
listed the conventional features, which poetry does not share with
other discourses, e.g. metrical pattern, rhyme pattern and sound
pattern. His coinage ‘coupling’ describes instances in which these
two dimensions interact. Coupling also performs the function of
logical connections and landmarks for the reader to proceed on his
way to comprehending the message of a text. It may be represented
by lexical repetitions (verbal and thematic), synonymous and
antonymous words and phrases, syntactical repetitions (parallel
structures, antithesis), phonemic repetition (alliteration, assonance,
paronomasia), etc.
e.g. An old.man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty
clothes sat by the side of the road. [...] But the old man sat there
without moving (...] but the old man was still there [...] and the old
man still sat there (Е. Hemingway).The purport of Hemingway’s
story
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