|
.
201
In February 1919, the Red Army attacked Turkmen troops and no popular uprising
197
General Lionel Charles Dunsterville was a British general who led the mission of Dunsterforce
which aimed to occupy oil fields in Baku and the Caucasus.
198
Sir Wilfrid Malleson was a major general in British army who led the mission of Malleson which
aimed to prevent German-Turkish influence in British controlled regions, and to back the
Transcaspian Government in Ashkhabad against Tashkent Soviet.
199
Allworth, Edward et al.,
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
, ed. Edward Allworth, (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 230-231.
200
Becker, Seymour,
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924
,
(London &New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), 215.
201
Coates, Zelda K. and W.P.,
Soviets in Central Asia,
(New York: Greenwood Press, Publishers,
1951), 75.
78
supported Transcaspia forces. British army under Gen. Malleson withdrew instead of
resisting the Red forces.
202
The Jadids were divided into two fractions after the October Revolution and
the consolidation of the Soviet power in the region. For instance, the former Jadids,
which were converted to communism, were members of the Bukharan Communist
Party. For example, Sadriddin Aini and Abd al Vahid Burkhanov, famous former
Jadids, directed the party newspaper. The Young Bukharans, led by Fayzallah
Khodzhaev, radical Jadid, tried every way to seem friendly to the Bolsheviks.
203
The
BCP and Young Bukharans were hostile to each other. Especially, the BCP was
disturbed about the Russian support to Young Bukharans. But, the Bolsheviks were
in cooperation with Young Bukharans since it was beneficial and helpful for Russian
interests in the short run. Young Bukharans’ liberal nationalist and progressive vision
and their struggle against the despotic monarchy and feudal groups made them more
acceptable and cooperative rather than the BCP. In addition, Young Bukharans were
more acceptable to Bukharan population. Their experiences and skills, they had
obtained for a long term, were more useful for Russia to cooperate.
204
Young
Bukharans were more suitable to respond to the needs of the patriarchal and clerical
society because of their pro national and cultural sides. They gave the image of
bourgeoisie nationalists and liberals rather than direct communists, and this image
was important for the society that had been used to traditional, religious and
patriarchal institutions for centuries.
202
Allworth, Edward et al.,
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
, ed. Edward Allworth, (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 231.
203
Becker, Seymour,
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924
,
(London &New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), 228.
204
Becker, Seymour,
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924
,
(London &New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), 228.
79
After the October Revolution and consolidation of Soviet power, the feudal
aristocratic rulers in Transoxiana began getting hurried due to the declarations and
statements of Soviet rulers in Moscow regarding the region. Lenin was against the
colonial status of Bukhara and Khiva; and he insisted on freeing all the nations. In
his speech at the Seventh Party Conference, he said “We are for a fraternal union of
all peoples…We certainly do not want the peasant in Khiva to live under the khan of
Khiva. By developing out revolution we shall influence the oppressed masses.”
205
Lenin’s policy in brief was deposal of Emir Alim and Khan Isfendiyar. The
statements of the Soviet leaders in terms of the rights and freedoms of workers and
peasants, establishments of republics, federation with Soviet Russia caused the rulers
of Bukhara and Khiva to take a stand against the October Revolution. Soviet regime
was relatively different from the benign suzerain Romanov dynasty and the weak
regime of Provisional Government. Soviet regime seriously posed a threat for Alim
and Isfendiyar
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