Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan ferghana state university

2.3. Affix
A derivational affix may become productive in just one meaning because that meaning is specially needed by the community at a particular phase in its history. This may be well illustrated by the prefix de– in the sense of ‘undo what has been done, reverse an action or process’, e. g. deacidify (paint spray), decasualize (dock labour), decentralize (government or management), deration (eggs and butter), de-reserve (medical students), desegregate (coloured children), and so on. Furthermore, there are cases when a derivational affix being nonproductive in the non-specialized section of the vocabulary is used to coin scientific or technical terms. This is the case, for instance, with the suffix –ance which has been used to form some terms in Electrical Engineering, e. g. capacitance, impedance, reactance. The same is true of the suffix –ity which has been used to form terms in physics, and chemistry such as alkalinity, luminosity, emissivity and some others.
2.4. Measuring morphological productivity
There are basically two approaches to measure morphological productivity:
A dictionary-based method (counting neologisms in a certain period of time by using a dictionary; e.g. you can count how many new English words ending in –ian were formed in the 20th century)
A corpus-based method (finding words that occur only once in a large text corpus, so-called hapax legomena; these hapaxes are an indicator of the word-building power of an affix or another word-forming element).
We’ll focus our attention on the first method.
R. S. Ginzburg says that productivity of derivational patterns and affixes should not be identified with the frequency of occurrence in speech, although there may be some interrelation between them. Frequency of occurrence is characterized by the fact that a great number of words containing a given derivational affix are often used in speech, in particular in various texts. Productivity is characterized by the ability of a given affix to make new words.
The dictionary-based method that is probably the most widely used and the most widely rejected at the same time.
According to this measure, the productivity of an affix can be discerned by counting the number of attested different words with that affix at a given point in time. This has also been called the type-frequency of an affix.
The severe problem with this measure is that there can be many words with a given affix, but nevertheless speakers will not use the suffix to make up new words. An example of such a suffix is -ment, which in earlier centuries led to the coinage of hundreds of then new words. Many of these are still in use, but today’s speakers hardly ever employ -ment to create a new word and the suffix should therefore be considered as rather unproductive (cf. Bauer 2001:196). Thus the sheer number of types with a given affix does not tell us whether this figure reflects the productivity of that affix in the past or its present potential to create new words.
Counting derivatives can nevertheless be a fruitful way of determining the productivity of an affix, namely if one does not count all derivatives with a certain affix in use at a given point in time, but only those derivatives that were newly coined in a given period, the so-called neologisms. In doing this, one can show that for instance an affix may have given rise to many neologisms in the 18th century but not in the 20th century. The methodological problem with this measure is of course to reliably determine the number of neologisms in a given period. For students of English this problem is less severe because they are in the advantageous position that there is a dictionary like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). This dictionary has about 500,000 entries and aims at giving thorough and complete information on all words of the language and thus the development of the English vocabulary from its earliest attestations onwards.
To summarize our discussion of how productivity can be measured, it should have become clear that the different measures have the great advantage that they make
certain intuitive aspects of morphological productivity explicit and calculable.
Furthermore, we have learned that productivity is largely a function of the frequency of words and that the reason for the connection between frequency and productivity lies in the nature of the storage and processing of (complex) words in the lexicon.
Some Productive Affixes

Noun-forming suffixes -er, -ing, -ness, -ism, -ist, -ance

Adjective-forming suffixes -y, -ish, -ed, -able, -less...
Verb-forming suffixes -ise/-ize, -ate...
Adverb-forming suffixes -ly...
Prefixes -un-, re-, dis-...
Some Non- Productive Affixes
Noun-forming suffixes -th,-hood...
Adjective-forming suffixes -ly,-some,-en,-ous...
Verb-forming suffixes-en...
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems. On the morphemic level every word formed by means of affixation has only one root- morpheme, which is its semantic center and one or more derivational affixes to stems On the morphemic level every word formed by means of affixation has only one root-morpheme, which is its semantic center and one or more derivational affixes.
For instance , the words displease and realism have each only one root-morpheme and one derivational affix - the prefix dis- and the suffix -ism , whereas the noun reappearance consists of the prefix re- , the root-morpheme appear- and the suffix - ance.
On the derivational level derived words comprise a primary stem (the stem being in itself either a simple, a derived or a compound stem), friendliness = (noun + ly) + -ness (a derived stem), chairmanship = (noun + noun) +ship (a compound stem). The stems of words making up a word-cluster enter into derivational relations of different degrees. The zero degree of derivation is ascribed to simple words, i.e. words whose stem is homonymous with a root-morpheme, e.g. atom, haste , devote... Derived words whose stems consist of a root-morpheme and a derivational affix are described as having the first degree of derivation , e.g. atomic , hasty , devotion ... Derived words formed by two consecutive stages of coining possess the second degree of derivation, e.g. atomic hasty, devotion...
The following diagram graphically represents the hierarchy of derivational relations within a word-cluster, the indexes 0, 1, 2, etc. indicating the corresponding degree of derivation:
In conformity with the division of derivational affixes into suffixes and prefixes affixation is subdivided into suffixation and prefixation. Distinction is naturally made between prefixal and suffixal derivatives: unjust, rearrange; justify, arrangement.
Words like reappearance, unreasonable, denationalize are generally qualified as prefixal-suffixal derivatives. The reader should clearly realize that this qualification is relevant only in terms of the constituent morphemes such words are made up of i.e. from the angle of morphemic analysis. From the point of view of derivational analysis such words are mostly suffixal or prefixal derivatives e.g. reappearance = (re + appear -) + -ance, unreasonable = un- + (reason- + -able), denationalize = de- + (nation + ize) . A careful study of a great many suffixal and prefixal derivatives has revealed an essential difference between them. In Modern English suffixation is characteristic of noun and adjective formation, while prefixation is typical of verb formation. As a general rule, prefixes modify the lexical meaning of stem to which they are added. A prefixal derivative usually joins the part of speech the unprefixed word belongs to e.g.
un - usual -cf. usual; indefinite -cf. definite; discomfort -cf. comfort etc.
In a suffixal derivative the suffix doesn't only modify the lexical meaning of the stem it is affixed to, but the word itself is usually transferred to another part of speech e.g.
care - less a - cf care n ; suit - able - a ; good - ness good. Furthermore, it's necessary to point out that a suffix closely knit together with a stem forms a prefix which is as a general rule, more independent semantically, reading - "the act of one who reads " ; "ability to read" ; and to re-read - "to read again".

Examples include, -ful(l) forms adjectives from a noun : love (v) - loveful (adj) ; man (v) - manful (adj);

-ful(2) forms adjective from a verb : forget (v) - forgetful
(adj) ; thank (v) - thankful (adj).
-ly( 1) added to an adjective stem is homonymous to the
adjective forming suffix ;
-ly(2) which is added to a noun stem : quickly, slowly and lovely, friendly.
The verb suffix -en(l) is added to a noun and adjective stem is homonymous to the adjective forming suffix;
-en(2) which is added to a noun stem:
Examples are to strengthen, to soften, to wooden, to golden. The prefix un- (1) is added to a noun and a verb stem is homonymous to the prefix;
un- (2) which is added to an adjective stem, such as: unshoe, unbind, unfair, untrue.
In the course of the history of the English as a result of borrowings there appeared many synonymous affixes in the language , such as :the suffixes -er , -or , -ist, -ent, -ant, -eer , -ian, -man , -ее , -ess form synonymous affixes denoting the meaning "agent". Having the meaning of negation the prefixes un- , in-, non-, dis-, mis- form synonymic group of prefixes. If s interestng to point out that the synonymous affixes help us to reveal, different lexico-semantic grouping of words.
For example, the words formed by the suffixes -man , -er , -or , -ion , -ее , -eer , -ent, -ant and some others belong to
the lexico-semantic groupings of words denoting "doer of the action ".
The affixes may be undergo semantic changes, they may be polysemantic.
The noun forming suffix -er has the following meanings:
1)persons following some special trade and profession (,driver, teacher, hunter);
2)persons doing a certain action at the moment in question (packer, chooser , giver);
3)tools {blotter, atomizer, boiler , transmitter).
The adjective forming suffix " -y " also has several meanings:
1. composed of, full of (bony, stony)
2. characterized by (rainy, cloudy)
3. having the character of resembling what the stem denotes (inky, bushy).