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IELTS Reading Formula
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IELTS Reading {Activity 95)
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..... E-ZPass was just the beginning
CALIFORNIA, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia may be quite different in many ways when it comes to
the presidential primaries, but they do have one thing in common: all are grappling with how to collect
tolls from the drivers who use their highways. Electronic toll collection is increasingly the obvious answer.
Pennsylvania, which is trying to turn Interstate 80 into a toll road, is considering going completely
electron
i
c and not including cash lanes.
By charging tolls on an Interstate that had always been Free, Pennsylvania hopes to generate the
money needed to maintain this vital east-west artery, a major thoroughfare for trucks. Other states are
also
l
oo
k
ing for ways to raise the money needed for highway repair, upkeep and expansion. Because
resistance to raising taxes on gasoline and diesel remains strong, lawmakers are instead turning to tolls
or, in governmental parla nee, 'user fees'.
While Interstate 80 might appear to be a good place to go entirely electronic, the state may be forced
to install some cash lanes because many drivers - including some in rental cars and those From states
without toll roads - still pay with cash. Cash transactions are costly, though, because highway agencies
must pay toll-takers, maintain plazas and safely transfer the cash to banks. And for drivers already faced
by a multitude of distractions, fumbling through pockets for nickels dimes and quarters to pitch at toll
collecto
r
s is not only frustrating, it can be dangerous.
Like Fast-Food restaurants, department stores and other businesses that handle cash, tolling
agencies are introducing a variety of technologies to streamline the process and increase profits.
The most common substitute For human toll collecting uses a combination of radio-frequency
identification transponders, high-speed cameras and networked computers that read tags in windshields
and instantaneously charge the driver's account, usually billed to their credit cards. Toll plazas are being
redesigned so vehicles do not need to slow down.
The spread of electronic tolling is having a subtle and unexpected impact on motoring. Drivers need not
weave through toll plazas in search of a lane that accepts cash, a particularly difficult task for those on
motorcycles. Travel across many states no longer requires a hoard of change For tolls. And because they
can check their toll payments online, businessmen do not need to save fistfuls of receipts For their
expense reports.
1 It is clear that taking tolls from road users is best done electronically.
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