Nobel prize winners in physics



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John Bardeen

United States

"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[72]

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Leon Neil Cooper

United States

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John Robert Schrieffer

United States

1973

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Leo Esaki

Japan

"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[73]

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Ivar Giaever

United States
Norway

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Brian David Josephson

United Kingdom

"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[73]

1974




Martin Ryle

United Kingdom

"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of theaperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[74]




Antony Hewish

United Kingdom

1975

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Aage Bohr

Denmark

"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[75]

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Ben Roy Mottelson

Denmark




Leo James Rainwater

United States

1976

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Burton Richter

United States

"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[76]

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Samuel Chao Chung Ting

United States

1977

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Philip Warren Anderson

United States

"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[77]

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Nevill Francis Mott

United Kingdom

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John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

United States

1978

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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Soviet Union

"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"[78]

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Arno Allan Penzias

United States

"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[78]

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Robert Woodrow Wilson

United States

1979

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Sheldon Lee Glashow

United States

"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[79]

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Abdus Salam

Pakistan

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Steven Weinberg

United States

1980

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James Watson Cronin

United States

"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[80]

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Val Logsdon Fitch

United States

1981

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Nicolaas Bloembergen

United States

"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[81]

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Arthur Leonard Schawlow

United States

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Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

Sweden

"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"[81]

1982




Kenneth G. Wilson

United States

"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[82]

1983




Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

United States
India

"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[83]




William Alfred Fowler

United States

"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"[83]

1984

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Carlo Rubbia

Italy

"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[84]




Simon van der Meer

Netherlands

1985

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Klaus von Klitzing

West Germany

"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[85]

1986




Ernst Ruska

West Germany

"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[86]

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Gerd Binnig

West Germany

"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[86]

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Heinrich Rohrer

Switzerland

1987

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Johannes Georg Bednorz

West Germany

"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[87]

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Karl Alexander Müller

Switzerland

1988

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Leon Max Lederman

United States

"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[88]




Melvin Schwartz

United States

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Jack Steinberger

United States

1989

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Norman Foster Ramsey

United States

"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[89]




Hans Georg Dehmelt

United States

"for the development of the ion trap technique"[89]




Wolfgang Paul

West Germany

1990




Jerome I. Friedman

United States

"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[90]

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Henry Way Kendall

United States




Richard E. Taylor

Canada

1991

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Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

France

"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[91]

1992

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Georges Charpak

France/Poland

"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[92]

1993

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Russell Alan Hulse

United States

"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study ofgravitation"[93]

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Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.

United States

1994

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Bertram Brockhouse

Canada

"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]




Clifford Glenwood Shull

United States

"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development ofneutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]

1995

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Martin Lewis Perl

United States

"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]

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Frederick Reines

United States

"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]

1996


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