Namangan institute of engineering and technology

Машқ.351 Sifatdoshga e’tibor berib gaplarni tarjima qiling

1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate's uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

Машқ.352. Quyidagi gaplarda sifatdoshni qo’llang.

1. All the people who live in this house are stu dents. 2. The woman who is speaking now is oui secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the- corner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for la bo ratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are rnany pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of extra-curricular activities.

Машқ.353. Quyidagi gaplarda sifatdoshni qo’llang.

1. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it. 4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment, they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours' house.

Машқ.354. Quyidagi gaplarda sifatdoshni qo’llang. (when ni tushirmang).

1. When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words. 2. Be careful when you are crossing a street. 3. When you are leaving the room, don't forget to switch off the light. 4. When you begin to work with the dictionary, don't forget my instructions. 5. When they were travelling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 6. When you are copying English texts, pay attention to the articles. 7. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.

Past Participle = Participle II Fe’lning III shakli

broken — singan, yorilgan written — yozilgan eaten — yeyilgan

Машқ.355 Past Participle ga e’tibor berib gaplarni tarjima qiling.

1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.

Машқ.356. Participle 1 va ParticipleII ga e’tibor berib gaplarni tarjima qiling.

1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.

b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.

c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate

the text.

a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.

b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student's dictation always corrects it.

c) Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: «Fire! Fire!»

a) The word said by the student was not correct.

b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician.

c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

b) He saw some people in the post-office send-

ing telegrams. When sending the telegram she forgot to write

her name.

a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.

b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.

c) While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them.

a) A word spoken in time may have very important results.

b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.

c) The speaking doll interested the child very much.

d) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.

Машқ.357. Qavslar ichidan sifatdoshning kerakli shaklini.

1. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard

is our best pupil. b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.

2. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall

trees is very beautiful.

b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.

3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework

at that table?

b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.

4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my

sister.

b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.

5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.

b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.

6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?

7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.

8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.

9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.

10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.

11 (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.

12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.

13. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last

year. 14.1 picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.

15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.

16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.

17. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.

18. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.

19.1 shall show you a picture (painting, painted)

by Hogarth. '

20. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.

21. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children.

22. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying m the middle of the street.

23. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.

25.1 think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.

LESSON 7

 Read and translate the text:

Internet
More and more people nowadays are interested to be known about all events or finding information quickly. With the help of the internet you can find it easily. Back in the 1960s, during the cold war, the Pentagon asked the question: "How can orders be issued to the armed forces if the U.S. were ravaged by a nuclear assault?" The main form of communication ways at that time was the telephone (telnet), which connected offices, the radio and TV stations were not only vulnerable to attack, it would also probably be the first to go. Pentagon needed military systems that would continue to work even the phones and radio had broken down. In 1964 Paul Baran connected 4 computers in different parts of the USA and posted a message. You couldn't destroy Internet - if some computers will be broken down, the rest will work well. Nobody owns the Internet, and no organization controls its use.

Now millions of people around the world are logging into libraries, call up satellite weather photos, download computer programs and music, take part in discussion groups. Even the Presidents have their own Internet accounts. In fact, anyone with modem connected to the phone line can enjoy Internet. The total number of people in Russia, who get into Internet, due to the statistics, is 10 million. In the modern Europe this number is much more - there are more than 200 million Internet users. Internet users are unimpressed by television promise of 500 channel future.

The Internet already delivers 100.000 channels for all interests. In future all technics will be connected to the Internet. Now we can connect with Internet mobile phone, photo camera, palm computers and even alarm clock. Now we can be connected with the entire world everywhere - in the bus, underground and even on the North Pole.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the Internet?

2. What are servers?

3. When did public Internet appear?

4. What was the most popular mail interface used in 70s?

5. What kind of browsers do you know?

6. How can we find information in the Internet?

7. Is it cheaper to use the Internet mail service instead of ordinary post office?

8. What search programs do you know?

• 
  Active words and word combinations
  

network — tarmoq the armed forces- qurolli kuchlar ravaged – yo’q qilish a nuclear assault- yadroviy hujum vulnerable – nozik, sezgir military systems- harbiy tizim To destroy- buzmoq

Logging- registratsiya Satellite- sun’iy yo’ldosh, sputnik Account- hisob Unimpressed- ta’sirlanmaslik palm computers=notebook the entire world- butun dunyo

Supplementary reading

Mail Service
Historical references to postal systems in Egypt date from about 2000 ВС. That time mail was carried from place to place by horse or horse-drawn wagon. It was predominantly government mail. On the other side of the world, in China, mail service had been started early in 12th century ВС. It was used mostly to convey official documents. Since that time many things have changed. Today we can send our letters using also airmail, the quickest mailing service.

Nowadays there are post-offices in every town and city. If you want to post an ordinary letter or a postcard, you need to buy an envelope with required stamp, write the address on it and put your letter in and send it. For a registered letter, an airmail letter or an ordinary letter to another country, one must buy and stick other stamps on the envelope.

But if you have the Internet, there is no need to go to the local post-office, you can just connect to the Internet and using your mail program, send a letter or letters to where you need. The only condition is whether your recipient has or not a computer and the Internet. E-mail is cheaper and instant.

If you want to use traditional method and would like your letter to arrive more quickly, you can send it by airmail or express mail.

Do you know that…

Google began in 1996 as a project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. In their research project they came up with a plan to make a search engine that ranked websites according to the number of other websites that linked to that site. Before Google, search engines had ranked sites simply by the number of times the search term searched for appeared on the webpage, and the duo set out to make a more "aware" search engine.

The domain google.com was registered on September 14th 1997 and Google Corporation was formed a year later in September 1998.

In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based email service, known as Gmail. This service was made to rival the free online mail services supplied by Yahoo and Microsoft. This new free email service shook up the very foundation of free email with its enormous 1 GB of email storage which dwarfed its rivals' ten-fold.

In 2004 Google launched Google Earth. Google Earth is an amazing creation that is a map of the earth based on satellite imagery. This interactive globe of the world allows you to type in a search for any place in the world and you will automatically be taken to that part of the world. The cool part is that with Google Earth you can zoom right in to street level and actually see your own street and even your house!

In 2006 Google was added to the Oxford English dictionary as a verb – the verb "to Google" has become so popular that Google has even been worried that their brand name might lose their copyright and patent protections, and allow other companies to be able to legally use the Google brand in their own brand.

Today Google has a dominant controlling share of the search market. Google is the most widely used search engine on the Internet with a 54% market share.
LESSON 8
Read and learn the grammar rule:
Interrogative sentences

Maqsadga ko’ra gaplarning quyidagi turlari mavjud:

• 
  Darak gap – “I like chocolate.” Oddiy gap tuzish uchun ishlatiladi. Ko’pincha darak gaplardan iborat bo’ladi.
  

• 
  So’roq gap – “Do you like chocolate?” savollar berish uchun ishlatiladi.
  
• 
  Exclamatory Sentence – “I need chocolate!” His hayajonni ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
  

• 
  Buyruq gap– “Please buy me some chocolate.” Buyruq va iltimos uchun ishlatiladi.
  

• 
  Shart gap – “If I had a billion dollars, I would buy a castle made of chocolate.” Agar iloji bo’lganda kimdir nimadir qilishini ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
  

So’roq gap savollar so’rash uchun ishlatiladi va gap oxirida doim “?” belgisi qo’yiladi. So’roq gap odatda with who, what, where, when, why, how, yoki do bilan boshlanadi, va so’roq belgisi bilan tugaydi. Masalan:

“When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?”

“Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?”

So’roq gapning quyidagi turlari mavjud:

1. 
   General questions- Umumiy so’roq gap
   

Are you a student? Is it Monday today?

2. 
   Special questions- Maxsus so’roq gap
   

Who is on duty today? Where do you study?

3. 
   Alternative questions- Tanlov so’roq gap
   

Do you prefer some coffee or tea? Do you speak English or german?

4. 
   Tag questions- Tasdiq so’roq gap
   

It is an interestesting film, isn’t it?

LESSON 9

 Read and translate the text:

Ecological problems
Air, water, and soil are necessary for existance of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil food can not be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries – members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.
Answer the questions:

• 
  What things are necessary for living?
  
• 
  What can cause polluted air?
  
• 
  What is the result of polluted water?
  
• 
  What is the result of the atmosphere pollution?
  
• 
  Why environmental protection is of a universal concern?
  
• 
  What are the initial steps in this direction?
  
• 
  What will we leave to our children after us?
  

 Active words and word combinations

Existence- mavjudlik Living things- jonli mavjudotlar Polluted air- ifloslangan havo Marine life- dengiz hayoti Spoil- ziyon keltirish Dust- chang Harmful substances-zararli narsalar Suffer from smog- tutundan aziyat chekmoq Vast forests- katta o’rmonlar initial steps- boshlang’ich qadam

Rare species of animals- hayvonlarning noyob turlari Destruction of the ozone layer- ozon qatlamining yemirilishi Universal concern- umumiy muammo Measure- chora- tadbir (bu yerda) Ecologically poor regions- ekologik qashshoq hududlar Sake of the future generations- kelejek avlodlar uchun

Supplementary reading

Desiccation of the Aral Sea is one of the items on the list. The Aral Sea, which is also considered to be a lake or Inland Sea in Central Asia, is located in northwestern Uzbekistan, near the Caspian Sea. The Aral has no outlet. The Aral Sea is still listed as the fourth largest lake in the world. But it has been shrinking for decades, and the statistics might change. In time the Aral Sea may not the fourth largest lake in the world anymore. Nowadays, the major problem has risen before the government of Uzbekistan; the desiccation and as a result of this threat of the complete disappearance of the sea. The Sea has declined in size by seventy-six percent. Salty dust from the dried out land blows in squalls through the area, causing discomfort and respiratory problems.

Wind brings more than a hundred tons of salty dust per square mile on the region every year. As a result of this, trees do not bear fruit any more.

The Aral Sea’s desiccation has an influence on everything that is around it. The climate in the region has changed significantly; the winters are even colder, summers are even hotter. The Aral’s water contains a lot of pesticides. The pesticides sank to the bottom of the lake. As the lake dried up, this layer of pesticide became exposed to the wind, which blows it away on the other lands.
Do you know that…
Ozone layer or ozonosphere, region of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone, located at altitudes of 12-30 mi (19-48 km) above the earth’s surface. Ozone in the ozone layer is formed by the action of solar ultraviolet light on oxygen.

The ozone layer prevents most ultraviolet (UV) and other high-energy radiation from penetrating to the earth’s surface but does allow through sufficient ultraviolet rays to support the activation of vitamin D in humans. Higher levels of radiation resulting from the depletion of the ozone layer have been linked with increases in skin cancers and cataracts and have been implicated in the decline of certain amphibian species.

In 1974 scientists warned that certain industrial chemicals, e.g., chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and to a lesser extent, halons and carbon tetrachloride, could migrate to the stratosphere. There, sunlight could free the chlorine or bromine atoms to form chlorine monoxide or other chemicals, which would deplete upper-atmospheric ozone. A seasonal decrease, or «hole,» discovered in 1985 in the ozone layer above Antarctica was the first confirmation of a thinning of the layer.
LESSON 10
Read and learn the grammar rule:
Future Continuous

1. Future Continuous to be fe'lining kelasi zamondagi shakli va asosiy fe'lning hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi shakli bilan yasaladi:
Ega + shall(will) + be + Ving
I shall be working, He will be working.

2. Bo'lishsizlik shakli shall(will) yordamchi fe'lidan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo'yish bilan yasaladi:
Ega + shall(will) + not + be + Ving .
I shall not be working, He will not be working.

3. So'roq shakli shall yoki will yordamchi fe'llarning eganing oldiga qo'yish bilan yasaladi:

shall(will) + ega + be + Ving
Shall I be working?, Will he be working?

4. Og'zaki nutqda Future Indefiniteda ishlatilgan qisqartmalar ishlatiladi:

I'll be working, He'll be working; I shan't be working, I'll not be working; He'll not be working, He won't be working.

Kelasi davomli zamonning ishlatilishi

1. Future Continuous kelasi zamondagi biror vaqtdan oldin boshlanib, o'sha vaqtda ham davom etayotgan ish - harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi. Bu vaqt quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
A) at five o'clock soat beshda, at noon peshinda, at midnight yarim tunda, at that moment o'sha vaqtda kabi vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bilan ishlatiladi:
I shall still be working at six o'clock. = Soat  oltida men hali ham ishlayotgan bo'laman. He can't come at two o'clock tomorrow because he'll be giving a lesson at that time. = U ertaga soat ikkiga kela olmaydi, chunki o'sha paytda u dars berayotgan bo'ladi.
B) payt va shart ergash gaplardagi Present Indefinite bilan ifodalangan boshqa bir kelasi zamondagi ish - harakati bilan:
When I come back, they will be having supper. = Men qaytib kelganimda ular kechki ovqatini yeyayotgan bo'lishadi.
I shall be working when he returns. = U qaytib kelganida men ishlayotgan bo'laman.
If you come after eleven o'clock, I shall be sleeping. = Siz o'n birdan keyin kelsangiz, men uxlayotgan bo'laman.
Izoh: Payt va ergash gaplarda Future Continuous ishlatilmaydi, ularning o'rnida Present Continuous ishlatiladi:
If he is sleeping when you come, wake him up. = Siz kelganingizda agar u uxlayotgan bo'lsa, uni uyg'oting.

2. Future Continuous kelasi  zamondagi uzoq vaqt davomida uzilib - uzilib davom etgan ish - harakatni ifodalaydi:
I shall be preparing for my examination in May. = Men may oyida imtihonimga tayyorlanayotgan bo'laman.
He will be writing a play during the summer. = U yoz davomida pyesa yozayotgan bo'ladi.
In June that firm will be carrying on negotiations for the purchase of wheat. = Iyunda u firma bug'doy sotib olish haqida muzokaralar olib borayotgan bo'ladi.

3. all day long kun bo'yi, all day tomorrow ertaga kun bo'yi, all the time butun vaqt, the whole evening butun oqshom, from five till eight soat beshdan sakkizgacha kabi vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bilan Future Indefinite ham, Future Continuous ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Future Continuous ishlatilganda ish - harakatning bajarilish jarayoni tushiniladi, Future Indefinite ishlatilganda esa ish - harakatning bajarilish dalili (bajarildimi yo'qmi) tushuniladi:
I shall be reading all day tomorrow. = Men ertaga kun bo'yi o'qiyotgan bo'laman(o'qiyman).
I shall read all day tomorrow. = Men ertaga kun bo'yi o'qiyotgan bo'laman(o'qiyman).
It will be raining the whole evening. = Butun oqshom yomg'ir yog'ayotganbo'ladi.
It will rain the whole evening. = Butun oqshom yomg'ir yog'ayotganbo'ladi.
I shall be working in the library from three till five. = Men soat uchdan beshgacha kutubxonada ishlayotgan bo'laman.
I shall work in the library from three till five. = Men soat uchdan beshgacha kutubxonada ishlayotgan bo'laman.

Yuqoridagi vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bilan kelgan ikki yoki undan ortiq ish harakati sodir bo'lish tartibida bayon etilsa hammasida faqat Future Indefinite ishlatiladi:
I'll come home early, I'll rest from five till six, and then I'll work the whole evening. = Men uyga erta kelaman, soat beshdan oltigacha dam olaman, so'ngra butun oqshom ishlayman.

4. Ikkita davom etadigan ish - harakati bir vaqtda sodir bo'lsa, jarayonni ifodalashni istasak bosh gapda Future Continuous va ergash gapda Present Continuous ishlatamiz, agar ish - harakatning sodir bo'lish faktini ifodalashni istasak (sodir bo'ladimi yo'qmi) bosh gapda Future Indefiniteni, ergash gapda esa Present Indefiniteni ishlatamiz:
While he is having his breakfast, I shall be reading the newspaper. = U nonushta qilayotganida men gazetani o'qiyotgan bo'laman.
While he has his breakfast, I shall read the newspaper. =  U nonushta qilganida men gazeta o'qiyman.
While I am doing my homework, he will be resting. = Men uy ishimni qilayotganimda, u dam olayotganbo'ladi.
While I do my homework, he will rest. = Men uy ishimni qilganimda, u dam oladi.

5. Future Continuous qisqa muddatli ish - harakatini ham ifodalab Future Indefinite o'rnida ishlatiladi va ish - harakatni sodir qilish niyatini yoki shu ish - harakatning sodir bo'lishi aniqligini bildiradi:
He will be meeting us at the station. = U bizni stansiyada kutib oladi.
I shall be writing to him tomorrow. = Men unga ertaga xat yozaman.

 Do the exercises