Target-oriented research: starting with the translation itself (Toury)
Central concepts:
System: a complex of interacting elements, in an environment (Hermans)
Poly system: a system of systems
Norms: social notions of correctness
• Toury's classification of norms:
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preliminary norms (general translation policy, directness)
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initial norms (source or target-oriented)
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operational norms (textual choices, footnotes, omissions...)
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Definition of translation: a text that conforms to the target-culture's norms
of what translations are supposed to be like, at a given time.
Ways of explaining translation
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norms
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socio-cultural constraints (Lefevere):
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ideology (values, e.g. feminist, postcolonial)
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patronage (who pays?)
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universe of discourse (subject matter; censureship, taboos)
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poetics (literary conventions)
> language-pair differences (contrastive analysis)
- laws (generalizations, general hypotheses)
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