Abstraction mechanisms. In this part it has been argued that composition should be
supported as well as classification. Aspects of single and multiple inheritance, multiple
classifications and dynamic classification have been discussed. It has been shown that
languages with strong support for block structure, part objects and singular objects offer
certain alternatives to multiple inheritance. There have also been discussions of the pros
and cons of inner versus super, various alternatives for supporting parameterised
classes. issues related to typing including covariance and contravariance, and types
versus classes.
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