LIST OF SYMBOLS
𝑆
𝑟𝑥𝑠𝑟𝑣
Cell selection Rx level value
𝑄
𝑟𝑥𝑠𝑟𝑣𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑦
Measured Rx level value (RSRP)
𝑄
𝑟𝑥𝑠𝑟𝑣𝑚𝑠𝑠
Required minimum Rx level value (RSRP)
𝑄
𝑟𝑥𝑠𝑟𝑣𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑦𝑟𝑠
Offset to signalled 𝑄
𝑟𝑥𝑠𝑟𝑣𝑚𝑠𝑠
(dB)
𝑃
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑠𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Power compensation (dB)
𝑆
𝑦𝑟𝑟𝑣𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑠𝑟𝑠𝑠
Serving cell measured value (dB)
𝑆
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎−𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑠ℎ
Intra-frequency cell selection search threshold (dB)
𝑆
𝑠𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑠ℎ
Inter-frequency cell selection search threshold (dB)
𝑅
𝑆
Serving cell rank
𝑅
𝑁
Neighbouring cell rank
𝑄
𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑦,𝑦
Serving cell measured value
𝑄
𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑦,𝑠
Neighbouring cell measured value
𝑄
ℎ𝑦𝑦
Hysteresis value
𝑄
𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑦𝑟𝑠
Offset value
𝑇
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Time to trigger
𝐼
𝑠𝑤𝑠
Own cell interference
𝐼
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑟
Other cell interference
L
Path loss
I
o
T
Interference over thermal
N
Thermal noise
P
max
Maximum transmit power
α
Cell-specific path correction factor
P
0
Transmit power
𝑑
𝑘𝑚
Distance from cell centre (in kilometres)
𝑓
𝑀𝐻𝑧
Frequency in Megahertz
h
B
Transmitter antenna height
h
M
Receiver antenna height
P
t
Transmitted power
G
t
Transmitter antenna gain
G
r
Receiver antenna gain
λ
Wavelength of the transmitted signal
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: System architecture of EPS ............................................................................ 5
Figure 2.2: Control Plane (CP) protocol stack from UE to MME .................................... 9
Figure 2.3: User Plane (UP) protocol from UE to S-GW/P-GW .................................... 10
Figure 2.4: X2 interface in Control and User Plane ........................................................ 10
Figure 3.1: 12 OFDM sub-carriers in a single resource block ........................................ 11
Figure 3.2: SC-FDMA modulation scheme .................................................................... 13
Figure 3.3: Time domain representation of interleaved SC-FDMA ............................... 13
Figure 3.4: A 2x2 MIMO configuration ......................................................................... 14
Figure 3.5: LTE frame structure...................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.1: EPS connection management states ............................................................. 16
Figure 4.2: Cell re-selection during the IDLE mode....................................................... 19
Figure 4.3: Handover preparation over X2 interface ...................................................... 22
Figure 4.4: Handover execution over X2 Interface ......................................................... 22
Figure 4.5: Handover completion over X2 Interface ...................................................... 22
Figure 4.6: S1 based handover ........................................................................................ 24
Figure 5.1: Ideal impact on the experienced SINR per user when varying the OLPC
parameters, i.e. P
0
and α, assuming a constant I
o
T level ................................................. 29
Figure 5.2: Spectral efficiency of AWGN and Rayleigh channel ................................... 31
Figure 6.1: Cell radii providing 1 Mbps DL throughput under different bandwidths .... 35
Figure 7.1: Measurement route with the eNodeB sites ................................................... 38
Figure 7.2: Elevation profile of the Kumpuvaara site area ............................................. 39
Figure 7.3: CQI against Distance for Kumpuvaara site .................................................. 40
Figure 7.4: Link modulation along the measurement route for Kumpuvaara site .......... 41
Figure 7.5: Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi modulation schemes for different PCIs ......... 43
Figure 7.6: PCI coverage for Kumpuvaara site ............................................................... 44
Figure 7.7: RSRP levels for different PCIs along the measurement route for
Kumpuvaara site.............................................................................................................. 44
Figure 7.8: RSRP coverage of Kumpuvaara site ............................................................ 45
Figure 7.9: RSRP between Singerjärvi and Kumpuvaara against distance .................... 46
Figure 7.10: Comparison of Cumulative Distribution Function of RSRP levels ............ 47
Figure 7.11: Comparison of RSRP distribution for multiple runs of Kumpuvaara site .. 48
Figure 7.12: CDF plots for multiple runs of measurements along Kumpuvaara route ... 49
Figure 7.13: Kumpuvaara cells appearing in detected set............................................... 50
Figure 7.14: Singerjärvi cells appearing in detected set ................................................. 50
Figure 7.15: RSRQ levels for the Kumpuvaara site ........................................................ 51
X
Figure 7.16: RSRP and RSRQ distribution against Distance for Kumpuvaara site ....... 51
Figure 7.17: RSRQ distribution for different PCIs associated with Kumpuvaara site ... 52
Figure 7.18: SNR plot for Singerjärvi and Kumpuvaara sites ........................................ 53
Figure 7.19: SNR vs. Distance for Kumpuvaara site ...................................................... 54
Figure 7.20: CDF of SNR measured for Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi sites .................. 54
Figure 7.21: Application downlink throughput for Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi sites .. 56
Figure 7.22: Throughput vs. Distance for Kumpuvaara site ........................................... 56
Figure 7.23: CDF of Throughputs for Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi .............................. 57
Figure 7.24: Singerjärvi and Kumpuvaara throughputs plotted against SNR ................. 58
Figure 7.25: SNR, RSRP and downlink application throughput for Kumpuvaara site .. 59
Figure 7.26: CDF plot of CQIs for LTE 1800 and LTE 800 of Singerjärvi ................... 60
Figure 7.27: Link adaptation comparison between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 in
Singerjärvi ....................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 7.28: RSRP of Singerjärvi LTE 1800 on the measurement route towards
Kumpuvaara .................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 7.29: RSRP of Singerjärvi LTE 800 on the measurement route towards
Kumpuvaara .................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 7.30: RSRP comparison between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ................................. 62
Figure 7.31: CDF plots of RSRP level of LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ................................ 63
Figure 7.32: Singerjärvi LTE 800 and LTE 1800 path loss in figure ............................. 65
Figure 7.33: RSRQ scenario in Singerjärvi Left: RSRQ for LTE 1800 Right: RSRQ
for LTE 800 ..................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 7.34: RSRQ Comparison between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ............................... 66
Figure 7.35: CDF comparison of RSRQ between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ................... 67
Figure 7.36: Measurement scenario of LTE 800 with both of the test sites online ........ 68
Figure 7.37: SNR Comparison between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 .................................. 68
Figure 7.38: Comparison of CDF of SNR between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ................. 69
Figure 7.39: Application downlink throughput coverage ............................................... 70
Figure 7.40: Application throughput comparison between LTE 1800 and LTE 800 ..... 70
Figure 7.41: CDF comparison of throughputs for Singerjärvi LTE 1800 and LTE 800 71
Figure 7.42: SNR vs. Application Downlink Throughput for LTE 1800 ....................... 72
Figure 7.43: RSRP vs. RSCP comparison between Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi ......... 73
Figure 7.44: CDF comparison between two sites in UMTS 900 and LTE 800 .............. 74
Figure 7.45: Application downlink throughput comparison between UMTS 900 and
LTE 800 .......................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 7.46: UMTS 900 network scenario at the area .................................................... 75
Figure 7.47: DL throughput comparison between Singerjärvi and Kumpuvaara .......... 76
XI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Categories of UE in LTE ................................................................................. 6
Table 3.1: Resource block configuration in EUTRAN channel bandwidths .................. 15
Table 5.1: CQI values and their modulation range ......................................................... 27
Table 5.2: Theoretical downlink bit rates (10 MHz bandwidth) ..................................... 32
Table 7.1: eNodeB site information ................................................................................ 38
Table 7.2: Average CQI for different sites at different routes ........................................ 41
Table 7.3: Link modulation statistics for Kumpuvaara site ............................................ 42
Table 7.4: RSRP statistics between Singerjärvi and Kumpuvaara ................................. 46
Table 7.5: Active set path loss calculations for LTE 800 cells on different routes ........ 47
Table 7.6: RSRP statistics for multiple runs along the same route ................................. 49
Table 7.7: CDF statistics for RSRQ of Kumpuvaara ...................................................... 52
Table 7.8: SNR statistics of Kumpuvaara and Singerjärvi sites ..................................... 55
Table 7.9: CQI statistics for LTE 1800 and LTE 800 of Singerjärvi .............................. 60
Table 7.10: RSRP statistics for LTE 1800 and LTE 800 for Singerjärvi ....................... 63
Table 7.11: Path loss statistics of LTE 1800 ................................................................... 64
Table 7.12: Statistical parameters of LTE 800 and LTE 1800 throughputs ................... 71
INTRODUCTION
1
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