Kimyoning asosiy tushuncha va qonunlari nisbiy atom va nisbiy molekulyar massa. Modda miqdori

m=100+8,9=108,9 g.

Hosil bo'lgan H₂SO₄ massasi:

18:98=2:x; x=10,9 g H₂SO₄.

35 %-li oleum tayyorlash uchun 100 %-li 108,9 g H₂SO₄ da qancha massa SO₃ yuttirish kerakligini topamiz:

65:35=108,9:x; x=58,64 g.

2 g suv va 108,9 g 100 %-li H₂SO₄ ni 35 %-li oleumga aylantirish uchun kerak bo‘lgan SO₃ massasi:

m_SO3=58,64+8,9=67,54 g.

100 g 60 %-li oleumda bizga kerak bo‘lganidan (35 %) 25 g ortiqcha SO₃ bor. Bundan: 100:25=x:67,54; x=270,16 g.

Demak, 270 g 60 %-li oleum 100 g 98 %-li H₂SO₄ bilan aralashtirilsa, 370 g 35 %-li oleum hosil bo‘ladi. 370:270=100:x; x=72,9773 g 60 %-li oleum va 370:100=100:x; x=27,0327 g 98 %-li H₂SO₄ kerak ekan.

14.15. 88 % li 750 ml sirka kislota eritmasini tayyorlash uchun sirka angidrid va 25 % li sirka kislota eritmasidan qanday miqdorda (g) olish kerak?

Yyechish: Sirka kislotaning hosil bo‘lish reaksiya tenglamasi: (CH₃CO)₂O+H₂O2CH₃COOH.

Birinchi usul: Sirka angidriddan [M[(CH₃CO)₂O]=102] hosil bo'ladigan sirka kislota [M(CH₃COOH)=60] ikkinchi eritmadagi suv hisobiga hosil bo‘lganligi uchun «sirka angidriddagi sirka kislota»ning massa ulushi: =120/102=1,1765 yoki 117,65 % bo‘ladi deb qabul qilish mumkin. Suyultirish qoidasi asosida masala quyidagicha echiladi:

91 15 75

430:86=

20 =5
5 71 355

Demak, 510 g sirka angidrid bilan 240 g 25 % -li sirka kislota aralashtirilsa, 88 % -li sirka kislota eritmasi hosil bo‘lar ekan.

Ikkinchi usul ikki noma'lumli tenglama tuzib yechish:

x+y=750

[(120/102)x+0,25y]/750=0,88

y=240; x=510.

14.16. Mis (II) atsetatning 20 % li eritmasidan 430 g tayyorlash uchun mis (II) atsetat kristallgidrati Cu(CH₃COO)₂H₂O va 5 % li mis (II) atsetat eritmasidan qanday miqdorda (g) olinishi kerakligini hisoblang.

Yechish: M[Cu(CH₃COO)₂H₂O]=200. M[Cu(CH₃COO)₂]=182. [Cu(CH₃COO)₂]=182/200=0,91.

64 12 200:12=

16
4 48 =16,67 800










14.17. 16 % li mis (II) sulfat eritmasini tayyorlash uchun 200 g mis kuporosi CuSO₄5H₂O qanday massadagi (g) 4 % li mis (II) sulfat eritmasida eritilishi kerak?

Yechish: Masalani suyultirish qoidasi yordamida quyidagicha yechish mumkin. M[CuSO₄5H₂O]=250. M[CuSO₄]=160. (CuSO₄)=160/250=0,64.

17,09 8,41

21

29,41 3,91

14.18. Suvsiz sulfat kislota tayyorlash uchun 98 % li 500 g sulfat kislota eritmasida qancha massa (g) sulfat angidrid eritilishi zarurligini hisoblash.

Yechish: SO₃+H₂OH₂SO₄.

1=[0,98500+(98/80)m]/[500+m]. m=44,5 g.

14.19. Suvsiz kaliy gidroksid tayyorlash uchun 16,8 g kaliy oksid 92 % li o‘yuvchi kaliyning qanday miqdorida (g) eritilishi zarur?

Yechish: K₂O+H₂O2KOH.

1=[(112/94)16,8+0,92m]/[16,8+m]. m=40.

lovalar

1-ilova

Kvant sonlar va atomlardagi elektronlarning holati

Bosh kvant son, n	Orbital kvant son, l	Magnit kvant son, ml	Spin kvant son, ms	Elektron kvant holati	Orbitallar soni	Elektron holatlar soni	Elektron-larning umumiy soni
1	0	0	+1/2, 1/2	1s	1	2	2
2	0 1	0 +1, 0, 1	+1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2	2s 2p	1 3	2 6	8
3	0 1	0 +1, 0, 1	+1/2, 1/2	3s 3p	1 3	2 6	18
	2	+2, +1, 0, 1, 2	+1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2	3d	5	10
4	0 1 2 3	0 +1, 0, 1 +2, +1, 0, 1, 2 +3,+2, +1, 0, 1, 2, 3	+1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2	4s 4p 4d 4f	1 3 5 7	2 6 10 14	32
5	0 1 2 3 4	0 +1, 0, 1 +2, +1, 0, 1, 2 +3,+2, +1, 0, 1, 2, 3 +4,+3,+2, +1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4	+1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2 +1/2, 1/2	5s 5p 5d 5f 5g	1 3 5 7 9	2 6 10 14 18	50

2-Ilova

Muhim kislota va asoslarning suvdagi dissotsiatsiya konstantalari

(25 ^oC)

Kislotalar
Nomi	Formulasi	Bos-qich	Ka	pKa
Azid	HN3		1,910^-5	4,72
-Alanin	CH3CH(NH2)COOH		1,3510^-10	9,87
-Alanin	NH2CH2CH2COOH		4,410^-11	10,36
Aminosirka	NH2CH2COOH		1,710^-10	9,78
Arsenat	H3AsO4	K1 K2 K3	6,010^-3 1,0510^-7 2,9510^-12	2,22 6,98 11,53
Arsenit	H3AsO3		5,110^-10	9,29
Benzoat	C6H5COOH		6,610^-5	4,18
Borat	H3BO3	K1	5,810^-10	9,24
Bromid	HBr		110^9	-9
Chumoli	HCOOH		1,810^-4	3,75
Dixromat	H2Cr2O7	K2	2,310^-2	1,64
Ditionat	H2S2O6	K1 K2	6,310^-1 4,010^-4	0,20 3,40
Dixlorsirka	Cl2CHCOOH		5,010^-2	1,30
Fenol	C6H5OH		1,310^-10	9,90
O-Fosfat	H3PO4	K1 K2 K3	7,610^-3 6,210^-8 4,410^-13	2,12 7,21 12,36
Fosfit	H3PO3	K1 K2	1,610^-2 2,010^-7	1,80 6,70
Fumar	HOOCCH=CHCOOH	K1 K2	9,310^-4 3,610^-5	3,03 4,44
Gipobromit	HbrO		2,510^-9	8,60
Gipoyodit	HJO		2,310^-11	10,64
Gipoxlorit	HClO		5,010^-8	7,30
Glutanat	HOOC(CH2)3COOH	K1 K2	4,610^-5 3,910^-6	4,34 5,41
Glyukonat	HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH		1,410^-4	3,86
Kahrabo	HOOCCH2CH2COOH	K1 K2	6,510^-5 3,310^-6	4,19 5,48
m-Krezol	CH3C6H4OH		9,810^-11	10,01
o-Krezol	CH3C6H4OH		6,310^-11	10,20
p-Krezol	CH3C6H4OH		6,710^-11	10,17
Malein	HOOCCH=CHCOOH	K1 K2	1,210^-2 5,910^-7	1,92 6,23
Malon	HOOCCH2COOH	K1 K2	1,410^-3 2,210^-6	2,85 5,66
Manganat	H2MnO4	K1	~10^-1	~1
		K2	7,110^-11	10,15
izo-Moy	(CH3)2CHCOOH		1,410^-5	4,86
n-Moy	CH3(CH2) 2COOH		1,510^-5	4,82
Molibdat	H2MoO4	K1 K2	1,610^-2 3,910^-5	1,80 4,10
Nitrat	HNO3		43,6	-1,64
Nitrit	HNO2		5,110^-4	3,29
Oksalat	H2C2O4	K1 K2	5,610^-2 5,410^-5	1,25 4,27
Peryodat	HJO4		2,810^-2	1,55
Permanganat	HMnO4		210^2	-2,3
Pikrin	HOC6H2(NO2)3		5,010^-3	2,30
Plavik	HF		6,810^-4	3,17
Propion	CH3CH2COOH		1,3510^-5	4,87
Rodanid	HNCS		1,410^-1	0,85
Salitsilat	HOC6H4COOH		1,110^-3	2,97
Selenat	H2SeO4	K2	8,910^-3	2,05
Selenit	H2SeO3	K1 K2	2,410^-3 4,810^-9	2,62 8,32
Selenid	H2Se	K1 K2	1,310^-4 1,010^-11	3,89 11,00
Sianat	HCNO		3,510^-4	3,46
Sianid	HCN		6,210^-10	9,21
Silikat	H4SiO4	K1 K2 K3	1,310^-10 1,610^-12 2,010^-14	9,90 11,80 13,70
Sirka	CH3COOH		1,7410^-5	4,76
Sulfat	H2SO4	K2	1,210^-2	1,94
Sulfit	H2SO3	K1 K2	1,710^-2 6,210^-8	1,76 7,20
Sulfid	H2S	K1 K2	8,910^-8 1,310^-13	7,05 12,90
Sut	CH3CH(OH)COOH		1,410^-4	3,86
Tartrat (vino)	HOOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH	K1 K2	9,110^-4 4,310^-5	3,04 4,37
Trixlorsirka	CCl3COOH		2,010^-1	0,70
Izo-Valerian	(CH3)2CHCH2COOH		1,710^-5	4,78
N-Valerian	CH3(CH2) 3COOH		1,410^-5	4,86
Xlorid	HCl		110^7	-7
Xlorit	HClO2		1,110^-2	1,97
Xlorsirka	CH2ClCOOH		1,410^-3	2,86
Xromat	H2CrO4	K1 K2	1,810^-1 3,210^-7	0,74 6,50
Yodat	HJO3		1,610^-1	0,79
Yodid	HJ		110^11	-11
Asoslar
Ammiak	NH3		1,7610^-5	4,76
Anilin	C6H5NH2		4,210^-10	9,38
Bariy gidroksid	Ba(OH)2	K2	2,310^-1	0,64
Dimetilamin	(CH3)2NH		1,110^-3	2,97
Difenilamin	(C6H5)2NH		7,110^-14	13,15
Dietilamin	(C2H5)2NH		9,610^-4	3,02
Etilamin	C2H5NH2		4,710^-4	3,33
Gidrazin	H2NNH2		9,810^-7	6,01
Gidroksilamin	NH2OH		9,610^-9	8,02
Kalsiy gidroksid	Ca(OH)2	K2	4,010^-2	1,40
Litiy gidroksid	LiOH		6,810^-1	0,17
Metilamin	CH3NH2		5,2510^-3	2,28
Natriy gidroksid	NaOH		5,9	-0,77
Piridin	C5H5N		1,510^-9	8,82
Trimetilamin	(CH3)3N		8,110^-5	4,09

3-ilova