part in a massive expedition to fight and destroy the Muslims.
1.
Ibn Hisham: Vol. 2, p. 214.
Page 4
After Uhud the Quraish had accepted the loss of trade with Syria as inevitable. Since the
Muslims remained in power at Madinah, the coastal route to Syria could not be used by
the Makkans. So the Makkans increased their trade with Iraq, Bahrain and the Yemen,
and thus more or less made up for the loss which they had suffered in the stoppage of
their trade with Syria. As a result of the conference with the Jewish delegation, however,
Abu Sufyan became more conscious of the danger to the Meccan trade by the further
spread of Islam. If the Muslims reached Yamamah, the Quraish trade would have to be
confined to the Yemen, for the routes to Iraq and Bahrain would then be in Muslim
hands. And this further curtailment of their trade would be an economic blow which the
Quraish could never survive. Abu Sufyan had also been needled a great deal by Safwan
bin Umayyah for his lack of spirit in the last expedition. Both these factors combined to
make Abu Sufyan determined and zealous to take out another expedition to Madinah.
Preparations for the expedition were begun. Tribal contingents began to concentrate in
early February 627. The Quraish provided the largest force, consisting of 4,000 men, 300
horses and 1,500 camels. Next came the Ghatfan with 2,000 men under Uyaina bin Hisn,
while the Bani Sulaim sent 700 warriors. The Bani Asad contributed a contingent, whose
strength is not known, under Tulaiha bin Khuwailid. While the Quraish and some lesser
tribes assembled at Makkah, the Ghatfan, Bani Asad and Bani Sulaim concentrated in
their tribal settlements north, north?east and east of Madinah respectively, whence they
would march direct to Madinah. The total strength of the force, including smaller tribes
which have not been mentioned, was 10,000, and Abu Sufyan assumed over?all
command of the expedition. This became known as
the collection of tribes
. For want of a
better name, we shall call them the Allies.
On Monday, February 24, 627 (the 1st of Shawal, 5 Hijri), the Allies, converging from
their separate tribal regions, arrived near Madinah and established their camps. The
Quraish camped in the area of the stream junction south of the wood, west of Mount
Uhud, where they had camped for the Battle of Uhud. The Ghatfan and other tribes
camped at Zanab Naqnia, about 2 miles east of Mount Uhud. Having established their
camps, the Allies advanced on Madinah.
Hardly had the concentration of the Allies begun when agents brought word of it to
Madinah. As more and more tribal contingents gathered, the reports became increasingly
alarming. Finally the Prophet received the information that 10,000 warriors bent on
destroying the Muslims were marching on Madinah. There was alarm and despondency
among the Muslims as this unpleasant intelligence was received. The Muslims had, of
course, always been numerically inferior to their enemies. The ratio of relative strengths
at Badr and Uhud had been one to three and one to four respectively, and although the
number of Muslims at Madinah had now increased to 3,000 able?bodied men, many
hundreds among them were Hypocrites on whom no reliance could be placed. And
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10,000 seemed a terribly large figure. Never before in the history of the Hijaz had such a
vast army assembled for battle.
Then came light in the form of a suggestion by Salman the Persian. He explained that
when the Persian army had to fight a defensive battle against superior odds, it would dig
a ditch, too wide and too deep to cross, in the way of the enemy. To the Arabs this was an
unfamiliar method of warfare, but they saw its virtue and the proposal was accepted.
The Prophet ordered the digging of the ditch. Many of the Arabs who could not
comprehend such tactics seemed unwilling to get down to the arduous labour of digging,
and the Hypocrites as usual went about dissuading the people from taking all this trouble.
But the Prophet got down to digging with his own hands, and after this no self?respecting
Muslim could keep away from the task. The ditch was sited and its entire length divided
among the Muslims at the scale of 40 cubits per group of 10 men. As the Muslims
sweated at this backbreaking task, Hassaan bin Thabit walked about reciting his poetry
and infusing fresh spirit into the Muslims. Hassaan was a poet, and perhaps the greatest
poet of his day. He could extemporise verses on any subject and on any occasion, and do
it so beautifully that his listeners could hardly believe that the composition was
extemporaneous. He could move people to a frenzy of emotion. But if Hassaan was one
of the greatest poets of his age, that is where his talents ended. To such manly pursuits as
fighting, Hassaan was in no way inclined, as we shall see later.
Page 5
The ditch ran from Shaikhan to the hill of Zubab, and thence to the Jabal Bani Ubaid. All
these hills were included in the area protected by the ditch, and on the west the ditch
turned south to cover the left flank of the western of the two hills known as Jabal Bani
Ubaid. East of Shaikhan and south?west of Jabal Bani Ubaid stretched vast lava fields-
areas of broken, uneven ground covered by, and at times formed of, large black boulders,
impassable for major military movement. A little south of the centre of the ditch stood the
prominent hill of Sil'a, about 400 feet high, a mile long and a little less across, running
generally north?south but with spurs extending in all directions. In fact the little hill of
Zubab lay just off the north?eastern spur of Sil'a, though our map does not show this
clearly. (See Map 3 below)
1
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Once the digging of the ditch was complete, the Muslims established their camp just
ahead of the hill of Sil'a. Their total strength was 3,000 which included Hypocrites whose
fighting value and reliability were uncertain. The Prophet's plan was to keep the bulk of
his army uncommitted to strike at any spot where the enemy managed to get a foothold
across the ditch. To guard against surprise, the ditch was lightly covered along its entire
length by 200 men, most of whom were placed as picquets on the hills commanding the
ditch. A mobile force of 500 men was employed to patrol the various settlements of
Madinah and deal with any infiltrators who might enter unseen, and also give some
protection to areas not covered by the ditch. (Madinah was not then a city as it is now but
consisted of a group of settlements and forts. The centre of Madinah, physical and
spiritual, was the Prophet's Mosque.) The women and children were placed in forts and
houses away from the main front, which faced north and north?west.
The winter that was now passing had been a severe one. It was also to prove a long
winter.
When the Quraish saw the ditch they were first dismayed and then moved to indignation.
They had come in such strength that victory had seemed certain. Abu Sufyan had joyfully
expected to fight a victorious battle, and now here was this blessed ditch in the way!
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