12-mile front, Mahan deployed the Christian Arab army of Jabla, which was all mounted-
horse and camel. This army acted as a screen and skirmish line, and was not concerned
with serious fighting except as its groups joined the army in front of which they were
positioned.
The army of Gregory, which formed the right wing, used chains to link its 30,000 foot
soldiers.
2
These chains were in 10-men lengths, and were used as a proof of unshakeable
courage on the part of the men who thus displayed their willingness to die where they
stood. The chains also acted as an insurance against a break-through by enemy cavalry, as
has been explained in the chapter on
The Battle of Chains
. All these 30,000 foot soldiers
had taken the oath of death.
Although the imperial army established a front of about the same length as the Muslim
front, it had the advantage of having four times as many troops and Mahan exploited this
numerical superiority by establishing a whole army (Jabla's) as a forward screen and
achieving much greater depth in the solid, orderly formations. The Roman ranks stood 30
deep.
1.
In terms of present-day geography, the Roman line started from about two miles west
of Nawa, and went south-south-west to just west of Seel, then over Sahm-ul-Jaulan to the
Yarmuk bank forward of Heet. Of course, these villages probably did not exist then as
there is no mention of them in the narrative of this battle.
2.
There is also talk of a deep ditch here, but I cannot place it or see its significance, as
the Romans are said to have deployed forward of it rather than behind it. It may have
been an anti-retreat measure.
Page 7
Thus the magnificent army of Caesar was arrayed for battle.
When Khalid returned from his talks with Mahan, he informed Abu Ubaidah and the
other generals that there would be no more talks, that the issue would be decided by the
sword, that the battle would begin the next day. Abu Ubaidah took the news with his
usual stoical acceptance of the will of Allah. As Commander-in-Chief he would organise
the army for battle and conduct the operation according to his tactical judgement. His
military skill was not, however, very great, and he knew it. Khalid knew it, and most of
the officers of the army knew it. Abu Ubaidah would fight the battle in a sensible manner,
and would react to changing tactical situations like the good, steady general that he was.
But with the enemy four times superior in strength, soundness and common sense were
not enough. A much finer quality of generalship was required for this battle, and Khalid
decided to offer his services to act as the real commander in battle.
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