International Criminal Law
360
Article III penalises, besides principal participation in genocide, conspiracy, direct
and public incitement, attempt and complicity in acts of genocide. What is evident
from this definition is that it is exhaustive and much more specific than that
articulated for other grave offences, namely, crimes against humanity. Its specificity
is not exhausted solely on the four groups that may become the target of genocide,
but more importantly it is based on the particular
mens rea
of the perpetrator, whose
intention must be to destroy in whole or in part an enumerated group. This element
renders genocide a specific intent crime
(dolus specialis)
and differentiates it from
other offences of mass destruction and extermination.
The ICTY had not, until January 2001, made a finding on the occurrence of genocide
with regard to the former Yugoslavia nor, of course, did it convict any accused of
this offence.
130
It did, however, urge the prosecutor in the
Nikolic
case to consider
charging the accused also of genocide,
131
and inferred Karadzic’s genocidal intent
from a variety of factors.
132
In the
Jelisic
case, the accused was the commandant of a
Bosnian Serb camp that was charged,
inter alia,
with participating in a campaign of
genocide against Moslems. The Trial Chamber initially acquitted him of genocide
on the grounds that the prosecutor had failed to prove Jelisic’s genocidal intent
beyond reasonable doubt.
133
It had reached this conclusion because the evidence
(random acts of violence, albeit against Bosnian Moslems) and the disturbed
personality of the accused (for example, narcissistic tendencies) did not demonstrate
a
dolus specialis
against Brcko Moslems beyond a reasonable doubt. The Appeals
Chamber disagreed with this evaluation of the evidence, finding instead that
genocidal intent clearly existed, but did not see it in the interest of justice to order a
retrial, and thus declined to reverse the acquittal.
134
The ICTY has been reluctant in
convicting lower-ranking personnel of genocide, despite the large number of victims
in particular cases.
135
The ICTR was established primarily to address the issue of genocide and, in the
Akayesu
case, authoritatively determined that genocide against the Tutsi did, in fact,
take place in Rwanda in 1994.
136
The judicial assessment of the
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