International Criminal Law
340
reference to judicial bodies. Its relation to the Security Council is that of a subsidiary
organ under Art 29 of the UN Charter.
6
As the product of a Security Council resolution
the Statute of the ICTY is binding upon every member of the UN in accordance with
Art 25 of the UN Charter. There is no doubt that such a result would never have been
achieved through the negotiation of a treaty, as few States would have seen any
benefit in partaking of an enterprise of this magnitude, especially since the protagonist
countries would, themselves, have refused to participate. From its very nature,
therefore, the ICTY could not take the form of a permanent judicial institution but
an ad hoc one, whose jurisdiction is limited in time, place and subject matter, and
whose mandate may theoretically be terminated by its creator at any time.
In 1994, atrocities of a scale many times over those perpetrated in the former
Yugoslavia were reported taking place in Rwanda in the form of genocide against the
Tutsi minority by extremist Hutu elements. The estimated number of dead as a result
of this genocide is estimated to be anywhere between 500,000 and one million. The
Security Council instructed a Commission of Experts to investigate the situation in
Rwanda in the same manner it had acted in the case of Yugoslavia and, on the basis of
the Commission’s reports, it determined that there was a threat to international peace
and security. It subsequently ordered the establishment of an International Criminal
Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda
and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations
Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31
December 1994 (ICTR).
7
By Resolution 977 the Security Council decided that the seat
of the Tribunal would be located in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
8
Initial
suggestions for expanding ICTY jurisdiction to incorporate Rwandan crimes failed
because a number of States feared this would lead to a permanent international criminal
court. Instead, the Council expedited matters further by establishing the ICTR, without
demanding a prior report from the Secretary General as in the case of the ICTY.
9
Both
institutions are, nonetheless, interrelated not only because they are subsidiary organs
of the Security Council, but also because they share a common Appeals Chamber
10
and prosecutor.
11
The intention behind these common institutions was the development
of a balanced and coherent jurisprudence, which has evidently been achieved. It should
be noted that although the ruling Rwandan Government that overthrew the Hutu
extremists responsible for the genocide in that country had, itself, proposed the creation
of the ICTR, it finally voted against Resolution 955 because,
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