International Criminal Law
154
granting a concurrent right of jurisdiction based on the nationality of the victims,
81
or indirectly by not excluding any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with
national law.
82
This latter form is necessarily secondary, as can be ascertained from
its inclusion and purpose in the relevant treaties.
7.5
THE PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE
It is unequivocally accepted that every country is competent to take any measures,
which are compatible with the law of nations, in order to safeguard its national
interests. This implication of State sovereignty is the basis for the protective or security
principle.
83
The necessity for the protective principle may be demonstrated by the
lack of adequate measures in most municipal legal systems through which to
criminalise harmful behaviour or prosecute persons for acts which, although
committed abroad, are directed against the security of a foreign State.
84
The problem
with this theory is that national parliaments enacting the protective principle may
take a very expansive, or at least subjective, view of what is actually injurious to
their national interests. For example, State A might consider that avoiding military
service by residing abroad harms national security because it decreases its defensive
capacity. In contemporary international law, the extent to which the
forum
deprehensionis
can extradite a person on the basis of the protective principle is limited
by the list of extraditable crimes in extradition treaties and fundamental human
rights norms, especially the rule of non-extradition for political offences. If the accused
is not in the custody of the prosecuting State, a request for extradition may hinder
on a denial to extradite, in case no offence has been committed in the
forum
deprehensionis,
in order to safeguard its own national interests. As alliances come
and go, a similar situation may be accommodated through the rules of comity, by
recognising the requesting State’s protective jurisdictional competence.
Case law suggests that the executive and judiciary perceive ‘national interests’
quite broadly. Espionage and treason are classic examples of the application of the
protective principle, since they have traditionally been viewed as acts endangering
internal security. In
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