International Criminal Law
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Merchant vessels are now subject to the regime established under Art 27 of the
1982 UNCLOS. This makes a distinction with regard to the jurisdiction of the coastal
State between internal and territorial waters. Internal waters are the landward part
of the sea from a State’s baseline, which includes ports and river mouths,
41
while
territorial waters stretch from the baseline seaward until a distance not exceeding
12 nautical miles.
42
All merchant vessels enjoy a right of innocent passage through
internal waters and territorial sea, but, whereas coastal States enjoy an almost
unrestricted criminal competence in internal waters,
43
such competence is more
limited in their territorial sea. In order to properly justify its exercise of jurisdiction
in the latter zone of sea, the coastal State must demonstrate that a crime has either
disturbed or affected its land territory, or that the measures taken were intended for
the suppression of illicit traffic of drugs, or that it received the consent of the Flag
State.
44
Public ships are generally immune from coastal jurisdiction under the traditional
notion of an ‘implied licence’ to enter internal waters, which secures them immunity.
45
Exception to this rule may be effectuated only through an express waiver of immunity
by the Flag State.
46
In cases where the coastal State deems the action of foreign public
vessels and warships injurious to itself, it has the power to declare them
non grata
and expel them from its territorial sea.
47
A coastal State has also some limited
jurisdiction in a belt of sea, contiguous to its territorial sea, and which does not exceed
24 nautical miles from its baselines. This is known as the ‘contiguous’ zone.
48
Coastal
jurisdiction in the contiguous zone is limited to powers of preventive enforcement
of the coastal State’s fiscal, sanitary, immigration or customs laws, as well as offences
previously perpetrated within its territorial waters.
49
Contrary to the ruling in the
Lotus
case, in cases of collision or any other penal or disciplinary incidents on the
high seas, jurisdiction lies with the Flag State or the State of which the accused is a
national.
50
As regards offences committed in airspace, without prejudice to specific
multilateral conventions and concurrent jurisdiction specified therein, the general
rule is that primary jurisdiction lies with the subjacent State.
51
This rule was enforced
in the case of the Pan Am flight bombing over Lockerbie, Scotland, through the
establishment of a criminal tribunal in The Netherlands with the application of
Scottish criminal law.
52
41
UNCLOS, Art 8.
42
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