Ferghana Valley


Islamic Political Movements in the Ferghana Valley of Kyrgyzstan



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Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia ( PDFDrive )

Islamic Political Movements in the Ferghana Valley of Kyrgyzstan
From the time of Russia’s colonization of Central Asia, the status and condition of 
Islam in what is now Kyrgyzstan’s part of the Ferghana Valley has been shaped by 
governmental policies.
146
Tsarist Russia’s approach did not have much consistency. 
Initially, the colonial authorities interfered little, if at all, in the religious life of the 
population, under the expectation that loyal local Muslim clerics would help keep 
the local populace under control. Events in the 1860s reinforced this approach.
Under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion, the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Dungans, 
and other Muslim people in the Chinese territory of Xinjiang mounted an uprising 
against the Chinese feudal lords. Many Uyghurs and Dungans (ethnic Chinese 
Muslims), fearing persecution, fled to Central Asia, mainly to the eastern part of 
the Ferghana Valley. They arrived with ancient and settled farming traditions that 
strengthened the position of Islam in what is now northern Kyrgyzstan and southern 
Kazakhstan. To escape what they regarded as China’s dangerously foreign culture 
and alien religious environment, they accepted Russian citizenship.
147
Meanwhile, Russian authorities were concerned by the replenishment of the 
Muslim population in the strategically important Semireche (Seven Rivers) region, 
which strengthened Islam there. The 1914 Russian census indicated that by that 
year there were 8.5 million Muslims in the territories of the empire east of the 
Urals.
148
Russia therefore imposed restrictions on further immigration by Uyghurs 
and Kazakhs.
Dissatisfied with their socio-economic status, Turkic subjects of the Russian 
Empire waged frequent rebellions based on jihadist notions of war against infidels. 
During the 1916 national uprising in Talas, it was rumored that the Turkish sultan 
was sending troops to support the rebels; and in the south of the region the entire 
Muslim population rose against the “White King.” Certain mullahs interested in 
fomenting hostility helped turn this into an inter-faith conflict by focusing their wrath 
against prisoners of war who had been shipped there, including Austro-Hungarian 
and German military officers and some Catholic and Protestant clergy. Russian 
imperial forces brutally suppressed these efforts by religious zealots.
149
Following the overthrow of the tsar in 1917, the indigenous inhabitants of Central 
Asia, employing Islamic rhetoric, established their own authorities, including the 
Council of Muslim Representatives in Osh and the Kyrgyz People’s Committee 
in Pishpek (later Frunze, now Bishkek).
150
Various national and religious parties 
appeared and grew active, most of them affirming Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic 
programs. Once the Soviet regime was established it branded them all as reaction-
ary and suppressed them. 

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