transformation of P in the sludge aggregate, we determined the dynamic contents and
19
detected the P species in the sludge cells and EPS during the final SBR cycle. Table 3
shows that following exposure to TiO
2
-NPs at a concentration of 50 mg/L, at the end
of the anaerobic stage there were lower quantities of intracellular complex P—defined
as total phosphorus (TP)–orthoP (TP-orthoP)—and orthoP in the four exposed groups
than in the control group. These differences were particularly marked in the pristine
TiO
2
-A and TiO
2
-R samples (p < 0.05). This may be attributed to the inhibition of
intracellular poly-P formation and degradation by the four TiO
2
-NPs during the first
64 h. In addition, significant (p < 0.05) amounts of orthoP were stored in the EPS in
the four groups exposed to the TiO
2
-NPs, which accounts for the decrease in SOP
removal efficiency (Fig. 2B). Notably, following continuous exposure to 50 mg/L
TiO
2
-NPs for 6 h, the levels of both complex P and orthoP in the EPS (CER extracts)
were much higher in the four TiO
2
-NP-exposed samples than in the control (p < 0.05).
In contrast, the quantity of PCA-NaOH-extractable TP in the sludge decreased
markedly (p < 0.05), suggesting the declining bio-uptake of P by the PAOs, i.e., the
failure of P removal in the SBR system (Huang et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2017).
In light of the results described above, significant P accumulation in the EPS
implies the vital role played by EPS in P storage. Therefore, we investigated the
variations in EPS after exposure to 50 mg/L TiO
2
-NPs. As shown in Fig. 3A, the
levels of EPS secretion had increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 40% (TiO
2
-A), 9.2%
(aTiO
2
-A), 30.8% (TiO
2
-R), and 15% (aTiO
2
-R) by the end of the final anaerobic SBR
cycle, namely after 66 h of exposure. The subsequent 4 h of aerobic exposure in the
final SBR cycle also made a detectable contribution to EPS production owing to the
stress response and defense mechanism of the sludge bacteria (Li et al., 2019a). This
might explain the fact that after exposure for 72 h, there was little release of orthoP
into solution with an increased amount of EPS, especially in the samples exposed to
Journal Pre-proof
20
pristine TiO
2
-NPs, because mass transfer to the outside is driven by diffusion (Sheng
et al., 2013). Moreover, after exposure during the final cycle, with the marked
promotion of EPS production, the ability of EPS to store P improved significantly (p <
0.05) during the anaerobic and aerobic stages, regardless of the crystal structure or
aging status of the NPs. In particular, the TP content was markedly higher (p < 0.05)
in the TiO
2
-A (92.5 mg P
EPS
/g TOC
EPS
) and TiO
2
-R (84.7 mg P
EPS
/g TOC
EPS
) samples
than in the control (41.6 mg P
EPS
/g TOC
EPS
) by the end of the aerobic stages (Fig. 3B).
Intriguingly, after acute (72-h) exposure to TiO
2
-NPs at a concentration of 50 mg/L,
although the contribution of EPS to P removal decreased somewhat during the aerobic
stage of the final SBR cycle compared to during the anaerobic stage, this did not
affect the overall marked contribution of EPS to P removal (Fig. 3C). These results
suggest different conclusions to those drawn in the report by Xu et al. (2017), which
described an increased contribution by EPS to phosphorus removal after exposure to
20 mg/L CeO
2
-NPs, and a decrease in the ability of EPS to store phosphorus. Based
on the discussion above, another important reason for the decline in P removal
efficiency is that presumably nanoparticles could inhibit intracellular poly-P formation
and degradation and
impeded
the transfer of P between sludge cells and EPS, instead
of EPS inhibiting release of orthoP during the anaerobic phase. However, in view of
the significant short-term contribution of EPS to P removal, it is necessary to further
investigate the change in the PAO community to determine the reasons
based on the
species level for the serious impairment of phosphorus removal from the sludge.
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