Effects of aging and transformation of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles on biological phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactors and related toxic mechanisms


 Viability assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)



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Effects of aging and transformation of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles on biological phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactors and related toxic mechanisms

2.5 Viability assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)

 

The  live  bacteria  were  stained  with  SYTO®  9  and  emitted  green  fluorescence, 



whereas  the  damaged  bacteria  were  stained  with  propidium  iodide  and  emitted  red 

fluorescence. Briefly, at the end of the experiments, each sample was stained using  a 

pre-mixed  solution  comprising  SYTO®  9  dye,  propidium  iodide,  and  filtered  and 

sterilized dH

2

O (10 μL:10 μL:1 mL, respectively), which is available in the BacLight 



LIVE/DEAD  bacterial  viability  kit  (Invitrogen)  described  in  our  previous  protocol 

(Qian  et  al.,  2017).  The  original  floc  structure  was  examined  under  a  Nikon  A1 

confocal  laser  scanning  microscope  (Nikon,  Japan),  and  the  random  fields  subjected 

to  each  condition  (with  or  without  exposure  to  the  TiO

2

-NPs)  were  scanned.  The 



CLSM  images  were  analyzed  using  MATLAB  software  (The  MathWorks,  Natick, 

MA, USA) (Lopez-Vazquez et al., 2007), and the proportion of live to dead bacteria in 

each field image was calculated (average value ± standard deviation). 

 


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