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3
1
Δ
;
.
4
u
f
D
f
(5)
The purpose of the study is to establish the pattern of movement of the ring in the groove in the
direction
of
the
piston
axis
X
,
which
we
will
direct
downward
(pic. 2). The following forces act along with this force: gas pressure
Р
gas
, ring inertia
P
j
, friction
Р
f
, gravity
Р
gr
. Using the d'Alembert principle, we write:
3
1
Δ
;
.
4
u
f
D
f
(6)
Fig. 1. Scheme for calculating the vibration of the piston ring.
Fig. 2. Forces acting on the ring along the axis of the piston.
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To determine the resulting force of gas pressure
Р
gas
, we find the pressure difference between the
top and bottom of the ring. The amount of gas flowing iso-thermally with a subcritical velocity
through a slot with an area
𝑓
1
,
1
1 2
1 1
2
2
2
ln
g
p
dG
f
p dt
RT
p
(7)
The amount of gas flowing out isothermally with a critical speed through a slot with an area of
𝑓
3
,
2 3
2
3
2
0, 606
,
g
dG
f
p dt
RT
(8)
where
𝜇
1
,
𝜇
2
are the expiration coefficients, which, for simplicity, are assumed to be equal;
𝑔
– acceleration of free fall;
R
– gas constant;
T
– the absolute temperature of the gas;
t
– the time.
With a steady gas movement, which we accept under the assumption, for example, that when
considering the instantaneous position of the piston and the ring
𝑑𝐺
1−2
= 𝑑𝐺
2−3
. Therefore,
using these parameters and finding from the equation
𝑝
2
, we obtain
1
2
0,184
2
p
p
e
(9)
Using expression (9) for relation (1), we obtain the following conditions after transformations:
3
1
1, 65 ;
4
f
f
(10)
0,184
1
3
1, 65
.
p
e
p
Taking into account inequality (10), the condition turns into a simpler one:
1
3
2, 24 .
p
p
(11)
This is true for engines for which the pressure in the crankcase is
𝑝
3
= 0.1 MPa and
𝑝
1
> 2.24
MPa. The distribution of pressures on the upper and lower end surfaces of the ring will be taken
according to the law of a trapezoid and, accordingly, a rectangle (see Fig. 1). In this case, the
resulting gas pressure acts on the ring:
1
2
2
1
2
0,5
p
p
p
p
p
p
(12)
Substituting in this expression the value of
𝑝
2
from (9), we get:
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2
3
1
0,184
1
0, 5
1
.
u
f
D
p
p
e
(13)
Resultant gas pressure force:
.
gas
Р
p
D t
(14)
The force of inertia of the ring
Р𝑗 = −𝑚𝑗
, where the mass of the ring
m
D
t tbp
(15)
The acceleration of the ring can be represented as the sum of the portable acceleration amounts
(piston)
𝑗
𝑝𝑜𝑟
and the relative acceleration
𝑗
𝑟𝑒𝑙
.
Portable acceleration
2
cos
cos 2
por
cr
j
R
(16)
where
𝜔 =
𝜋𝑛
30
– is the angular velocity of rotation of the crankshaft;
𝑛
– crankshaft rotational speed;
R
cr
– radius of the crank;
𝜆
– the ratio of the radius of the crank to the length of the connecting rod;
𝛼
– the angle of rotation of the crankshaft from the position of t.d.c.
Relative acceleration of the ring when moving concerning the piston:
2
2
rel
rel
d x
j
dt
(17)
Accordingly, to the above
2
2
,
rel
j
por
d x
Р
Рj
m
dt
(18)
Where is
2
cos
cos
.
por
cr
Рj
m R
(19)
Substituting the force
Р
j
from expression (18) into (6), we obtain
2
2
rel
por
gas
f
gr
d x
m
Рj
P
P
P
dt
(20)
Equation (20) determines the relative movement of the ring in the piston groove.
It should be noted that during the periods of the cycle before and after the top dead centre when
the transfer force of inertia
Р𝑗
𝑝𝑜𝑟
is negatory (directed upwards) and exceeds the resultant forces
of gas pressure
𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠
, friction and gravity, the right-hand side of the last equality is negatory and,
therefore, the relative acceleration
𝑑
2
𝑥
𝑟𝑒𝑙
𝑑𝑡
2
. In this case, the ring can move towards the upper
surface of the groove, as a result of which the width
Δ
𝑢
of the slot and the area
𝑓
1
for the passage
of gas will decrease. This will reduce the gas pressure
𝑝
2
under the ring (see formulas (4), (5)
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and (9)), and the resultant gas pressure
𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠
(see formulas (13) and (14)) will increase and,
together with other forces can exceed the negative force of inertia
Р𝑗
𝑝𝑜𝑟
. As a result, the ring can
move down from the upper surface of the groove. A larger amount of gas will again enter the
widened slit of size
Δ
𝑢
. Then the gas pressure will rise so much that the large force of inertia
Р𝑗
𝑝𝑜𝑟
will again move the ring up.
Thus, under the action of forces, the ring moves within the value of
𝜃
, sometimes in the opposite
direction to the movement of the piston until it collides with one or another surface of the groove
[2].
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RING WEAR
The main difficulty in understanding the physical laws during the wear of materials, as noted
above, is that during friction, the surface layers of rubbing parts are subject to strong
environmental influences with the simultaneous mechanical action of the mating surface. It is
known that the physical and mechanical properties of the materials of the surface layers differ
from the properties of the bulk of the material, its internal structures. Taking into account
physicochemical and mechanical factors when considering the destruction of the surface layers
of bodies during friction gives reason to consider the wear process as cumulative, i.e.,
summarizing the effect of individual factors upon repeated multiple loading of friction links until
the wear particle is separated.
This type of wear occurs in a wide variety of friction units. Including those closed from the
ingress of abrasive particles, not subject to severe corrosion and protected from micro-seizure.
Only the cumulative fracture mechanism explains the wear of the surface of a harder material of
a friction pair by a softer one, for example, a rubber or plastic seal wears out a steel surface.
Experiments show that, in addition to hardness and load, an important role in material wear is
played by the elastic properties of the material, operating mode (speed, temperature), external
conditions (lubrication, environment) and design features of the friction unit.
When the microroughness slides along the counter body, a frontal ridge of deformable material
appears in front of it, which is under the influence of compressive stresses. Behind
microroughness due to friction forces, the material is stretched. Thus, each element of the
deformable material undergoes alternating deformation. Multiple repeated deformations lead to
physical and chemical changes in the surface layer and the accumulation of damage in it, leading
to the separation of wear particles.
Model experiments on the sliding of a spherical indenter under a load along an annular trajectory
show that with an increase in the number of passes (cycles of action on a material element), the
material is destroyed not immediately, but after several passes. After the separation of wear
particles and the deepening of the indenter, no noticeable changes occur on the friction surface
again for a certain number of cycles.
The given tension
𝜎
𝑔
at the contact, at which the separation of wear particles occurs, is
proportional to the specific friction force
𝜏
:
g
m
r
k
kf p
(21)
where
𝑘
– is the coefficient characterizing the tension state at the contact, depends on the nature
of the material (for brittle materials
𝑘
= 5, for highly elastic materials
𝑘
= 3);
𝑓
𝑚
– molecular component of the coefficient of friction;
𝑝
𝑟
– is the actual pressure.
Wear is usually characterized by a linear wear rate:
Σ
a
V
U
I
A L
L
(22)
where
𝑉
Σ
is the volume of material removed in the friction path
𝐿
;
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𝐴
𝑎
– nominal contact area;
L
– the path of friction.
Taking into account that only the actual area of contact is involved in friction, we introduce the
concept of specific wear by analogy with expression (22):
D
h
r
V
i
A d
(23)
where
𝑑
is the average diameter of the touch contact spot;
𝑉
D
is the volume of material removed from the actual contact area
𝐴
𝑟
during a shift along with
the path
𝑑
(as a result of one act of interaction of irregularities).
Dividing expression (22) by (23) and transforming, we get:
a
r
h
h
a
r
p
A
I
i
i
A
p
(24)
where,
𝑝
𝑎
is the nominal pressure.
One act of interaction of irregularities accounts for the following thickness of the worn layer:
ν
D
U
V
n
(25)
Where
𝑛
is the number of cycles leading to the separation of the volume
𝑈
ν
.
Let us consider the contact of an absolutely rigid body with a rough surface of an elastically
deformable wearable counter body moving along a smooth surface. A rough surface is modelled
by a set of spherical segments of the same radius, located in height so that the distribution of the
material in the surface layer of the model and the real surface is described by the same reference
curve (characterizes the distribution of material along with the height of the rough layer). We
neglect the mutual influence of irregularities since in most real mates the contact density is low
and can be approximately estimated from the ratio of the nominal pressure to the hardness of the
softer material of the friction pair.
We assume as a first approximation that only the volume of penetrated irregularities is involved
in deformation:
ν
r
ν
0
0
ν 1
h
r
c
max
A h
U
A dh
A R
b
d
(26)
where
𝑅
𝑚𝑎𝑥
is the highest height of the profile irregularities;
ν
,
𝑏
–
parameters of the support curve;
𝜀
– relative convergence.
Substituting formula (26) into (23) taking into account (25), we get:
ν 1
h
h
i
dn
(27)
Applied to irregularities modelled by spherical segments, for a single irregularity:
𝑑 ≈ √2𝑟ℎ.
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Then:
ℎ
𝑑
≈ 0,7√
ℎ
𝑟
.
For multiple contacts, we get the basic equation for calculating wear:
1
1
.
a
r
p
h
I
K
r p n
(28)
where
𝐾
1
– multiplier determined by the geometric configuration and the height of the unit
irregularities on the surfaces of solids (usually
𝐾
1
≈
0,2);
𝛼 = 𝐴
𝑎
/𝐴
𝑟
– overlap coefficient.
As a result of transformations, the basic equation (28) for an elastic contact will take the form:
1
1
1
1
1
ν
2ν
2ν
2
1
0
2
,
y
y
t
t
m
a
c
r
kf
I
K
p p
p
(29)
where
∆
– roughness;
𝑡
𝑦
– friction fatigue curve parameter;
𝑝
𝑐
– contour pressure at the contact.
Let's write down the formula for calculating the wear rate of the treated surfaces. Actual contact
pressure:
0
0, 7
r
g
E
p
(30)
where
𝜏
0
– frictional parameter;
𝐸
– modulus of elasticity of the material;
𝛼
𝑔
– coefficient of hysteresis losses.
Roughness, established after the completion of the surface running -in process, is
estimated by the formula:
5
4
0
3
1
4
2
15
E p
(31)
Substituting formulas (30), (31) into (29), we finally obtain:
2
1
1
1
5
2
2
2
2
ν
0
0
15
,
y
y
y
t
t
t
m
t
kf
I
K
K pE
(32)
where
𝑲
𝒕𝛎
– a correction factor that takes into account the number of cycles before
the separation of the wear particle.
Formula (32) is a design equation for ring wear [3].
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Fig. 3. Movement of the piston ring in the piston groove along the angle of rotation of the
engine crankshaft.
x10
-8
Load -100 %
n,
rev/min
Fig. 4. Dependence of the cyclic wear of the piston ring on the high-speed operating mode
of a small-sized two-stroke engine.
Fig. 5. The dependence of the cyclic wear of the piston ring on a load of a small-sized two-
stroke engine.
Let us present some results of calculations of instantaneous wear and displacement of the ring in
the piston groove, obtained by calculation for the operating modes of a small-sized two-stroke
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engine with oppositely moving pistons according to the external speed characteristic and partial
loads. The calculation was carried out by the method of simulation mathematical modelling in
the system of simulation of internal combustion engines. In fig. 3 shows the movement of the
upper piston ring in the piston groove of the engine piston along the angle of rotation of the
crankshaft when operating at full load and 5000 rpm. It is clearly seen from the figure that when
the engine is running at certain moments, the ring vibrates in the piston groove, which adversely
affects the operation of the engine and the piston ring itself. Figures 4 and 5 shows the
dependences of the cyclic wear of the upper piston ring depending on the speed and load modes
of the engine. Thus, using the proposed mathematical models of the wear of piston compression
rings, it is possible to predict their resources at the design stage of internal combustion engines.
This will reduce the process of experimental fine-tuning of the cylinder-piston group, which is
the main friction unit of the internal combustion engine.
REFERENCES
1.
Garkunov, D.N. Tribotechnics / D.N. Garkunov. M.: Mechanical engineering, 1985. 424 s.
2.
King, J., 2007, The King Review of Low Carbon Cars Part I: The Potential for C02
Reduction, Crown. Norwich, UK.
3.
Andersson, B. S., 1991, "Company's Perspective in Vehicle Tribology." Proc. 18th Leeds-
Lyon Symposium. Lyon, France. 3-6 September. D. Dowson, C. M. Taylor, and M. Godet,
eds., Elsevier, New York, pp. 503-506.
4.
Priest. M.. and Taylor, C. M., 2000, "Automobile Engine Tribology— Approaching the
Surface," Wear, 241, pp. 193-203.
5.
Utkurovich, S.R., Narkulovich, R.A., &Esonaliyevich, T.I. (2020). Design and technological
methods of increasing wear resistance of cutting elements of earth-moving machines. Solid
State Technology, 63(6), 518-533.
6.
Hurmamatov A.M., Hametov Z.M. Results of preparation of oil slime for primary
processing //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2020. –
Т. 10. – №. 5. – С. 1826-1832.
7.
Hurmamatov A.M., Hametov Z.M. Definitions the division factor at purification of oil slime
of mechanical impurity //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal. – 2020. – Т. 10. – №. 5. – С. 1818-1822.
8.
Mamatov, F.M., Fayzullayev, X., Ergashev, I.T., &Mirzayev, B.S. (2012). Determination of
the traction resistance of a tilting tiller. International agroengineering, 42.
9.
Imamovich, B.B., Nematjonovich, A.R., Khaydarali, F., Zokirjonovich, O.O.,
&Ibragimovich, O.N. (2021). Performance Indicators of a Passenger Car with a Spark
Ignition Engine Functioning With Different Engine Fuels. Annals of the Romanian Society
for Cell Biology, 6254-6262.
10.
Abdukhalilovich, I.I., &Abdujalilovich, J.A. (2020). Description of Vehicle Operating
Conditions and Their Impact on the Technical Condition of Vehicles. The American Journal
of Applied sciences, 2(10), 37-40.
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P u b l i s h e d b y :
T R A N S
A s i a n R e s e a r c h J o u r n a l s
AJMR:
A s i a n J o u r n a l
o f M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l
R e s e a r c h
( A D o u b l e B l i n d R e f e r e e d & P e e r R e v i e w e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l )
DOI:
10.5958/2278-4853.2021.00706.0
IMPACT ON MICRO INSURANCE PRODUCTS
(A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO SALEM DISTRICT)
A Renuka*
*Research Scholar,
Department of Commerce,
Priyar University, Salem, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Insurance regulatory and development authority (IRDA) has created a special category of
insurance policies called micro insurance (MI) policies to promote insurance coverage among
economically vulnerable sections of society. India is pioneer in marketing and distributing
micro insurance for rural and urban poor households. Low income people’s manage the more
risk by reducing the coverage insurance products and social protection. This product for life &
health insurance, long term savings & investments, credit-linked products, and non-life products,
property insurance etc. This study objective has to find out the insurance market opportunity for
savings and investment insurers to develop business models larger market or social security and
vulnerable sections development by reducing their risk exposure. Micro insurance contributes
alleviate poverty and to raise the living standard income for depends people’s secure of life.
Micro insurance services grater level of awareness among the prospective SHGs, Co operative
banks, MFIs, and NGOs and insurance companies of the rural communities. The objective of the
study has been achieved by some following factors are poverty alleviation, unexpected risk,
increase income, premium policy coverage. This study sample size has been selected 150
respondents from micro insurance policyholders and used the convenient sample techniques. A
low income peoples for developing countries having used micro insurance products has most
support to alleviate poverty, increase the intellectual investment and growth of marketing
strategy employment opportunities, increase small industry and economic development. Micro
insurance market can play a crucial role of a comprehensive tool to insurance products services,
equality support towards to vulnerability, and social protection to public and financial services
sectors.
KEYWORDS:
Micro Insurance Products, Poverty Alleviation, Savings-Investment, Protection,
Market Services.
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Insurance is the backbone of a country’s risk management system. Risk is an inherent part of our
lives. IRDA has formulated the micro insurance regulations, 2005 for providing a plat form to
distribute insurance products which are affordable to the rural and urban poor and to enable
micro insurance to be an integral part of the country’s wider insurance system. Micro insurance
is the protection of low-income people against specific perils in exchange for regular premium
payments proportionate to the likelihood and cost of the risk involved. Generally, micro
insurance is ignored by mainstream commercial and social insurance schemes the insurance
providers offer a variety of products to business and individuals in order to provide protection for
risk and to ensure financial security.
Micro insurance market reach include products are life& health, illness, accident death and
disability, loss of property due to theft or fire, agricultural losses and disasters of both the natural
and manmade varieties. Micro insurance products provided by the micro finance organization
(MFO) due to micro finance activity. NGO or other organizations operates the micro insurance
schemes is in charge of everything both the design and delivery of products to provide services.
NGO or MFI act as the intermediary between the population and insurance company. It
comprises of risk-pooling products, it is appropriate for the low-income market cost, terms,
coverage, and delivery mechanisms. Micro Finance helps to people improve livelihoods
protection and the event of any unfortunate events. Micro insurance is effective even in markets
with little experience of insurance as long as possible products and simple policies premiums are
affordable products the administration is efficient, and distribution channels are innovate
potential market services.
1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Arora and Poonam (2009)
1
A simple product with less coverage is easier to describe and has
less circumstances to explain to staff and clients than a more complex product. If the client
understands the product easily, then they are more probable to be pleased. The micro insurance
regulations specify that contracts for products demarcated as micro insurance have to be issued
language that is simple and easily understood by policyholders, separate certificates have to be
provided to each member in case of a group policy and the same may be distributed through
micro insurance agents, these agents can perform additional functions like collection of forms,
remittances of premium, distribution of policy documents, assistance in the settlement of claims,
and other policy administration services, which warrant the products to be simple and easy for
the clients
According to ILO Report (2004)
2
the micro insurance experience in India exhibits great
variations in volume of members, premium options, coverage, and insurance products. These
products can be broadly classified into four categories: (i) Health insurance (ii) long-term saving
and insurance such as life insurance and annuities (Endowment, Life annuities, Term assurances,
and Saving completion insurance) (iii) credit-linked insurance products such as credit-life
product and (iv) Non-life product such as property insurance (Kapoor and Rajkumar 2006)
Dercon and Cearer (2006)
3
in service provider model microfinance institutions or commercial
banks directly market their micro insurance products to their clients. The model needs a well
established distribution network and are mostly used in the case of market insurance. The
advantage of this model is high transaction costs as it targets low income groups, which is a low
margin cost market because of the geographical spread of the client population.
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Biswas, Sourav and Ratnadevi (2008)
4
the pricing of the product should be done in a way to
meet the required premium by the insurer and the administrative expenses also should be
affordable by the target group. A range of products are available for the low income segment
ranging from comparatively expensive health insurance to low priced group based credit- life
insurance. The regulation has set limits for micro insurance products, which cannot increase
more than Rs.50, 000 and the policy term not exceeding 15 years life and non-life and, the term
is annual.
Sahu (2009)
5
the following specific reasons for low demand of life micro insurance in spite of
the intense need. The reasons were: (i) The rural financial markets characterized by limited in
appropriate services adequate information and capacity gaps hindered the growth of rural
insurance market (ii) Product design which resulted in a mismatch between client’s needs and
standard products on offer (iii) Absence of adequate and suitable insurance data was a major
concern. In the absence of a suitable insurance database calculation of premiums ,cost, benefits,
willingness to pay based on macro aggregates may not give actual insights (iv) The high cost of
penetrating rural markets, combined with under utilization of available distribution channels,
hindered the growth of rural insurance services (v) appropriate procedures in habit the
development of the sector and (vi) Contrasting perspectives of the insured and the insurers will
lead to low customization of products and low demand products is available in markets.
Sinha and Sudipto (2010)
6
in this model an NGO or other organization operates the insurance
scheme and fully absorbs risks, profit and losses arising from the same. The micro insurance
scheme is in charge of everything both the design and delivery of products to the clients and
working with external healthcare providers to provide services to the clients. This model is the
most demanding an organization in terms of capacity, expertise and investment required to make
it work, which entails the financial risk for the organization its maximum and are wholly
responsible for all insurance related costs and losses.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Today, social protection providing is not fulfilled in our country. Only 30% of the populations
enjoy adequate social protection. More than 70% of the population inadequate infrastructures
facilities life or health is not protected for a rural and urban poor person has to face many more
risks. They face two types risk firstly, household related risk and secondly common risk like
natural disasters. The Poor people are especially vulnerable to risks related to low income
generation, old age problems, unemployment, illness, accident, sudden death of the sole earning
member’s etc. Low income household and irregular income patterns also insufficient savings
habits and pre-planning investment for future is unsecure for poor peoples. So they need a social
security. Poor people’s are taken micro insurance products helps to poverty alleviate, savings-
investment habits, increased family income, eliminate unexpected risk, and affordable premium
regular payment for future. More and most support to family securities and improvement in
secure life products services.
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Micro insurance specifically to provide protection to the low-income people’s with affordable
insurance products it could help them to cope from common risks. These present studies is
covers, insurance marketing new products life & health, death and property insurance and
eliminate unexpected risk and current market insurance products as a possible solution. Low
income household a small regular premium payment in exchange for the promise of future
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investments by the commercial and social sectors are increasing compensation in the event of a
financial services markets. Improved access and efficient provision of savings, credit facilities
enable their consumption, manage their risks better, build assets gradually and develop their
micro enterprises. NGOs, government and micro financial institutions providing small loan and
savings facilities to those are excluded from commercial financial services has been developed as
a key strategy for reducing poverty alleviate throughout the country. The contribution of micro
insurance marketing is poverty alleviation and welfare of the people’s life is also market
potential solution. Highlighting cases of best practice and suggests Social Funds can be used to
deliver micro insurance services more effectively to poor households. Fulfillment of both rural
and social sector obligation through micro insurance products.
1.5 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1.
To measure the level of satisfaction micro insurance market and poverty alleviation.
2.
To evaluate factors influencing the policy holder’s in micro insurance markets.
1.6 Research Methodology
1.6.1 Sources of Data
Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources and analyzed using both qualitative
and quantitative techniques. The study tools were administrated through holding interviews
gathering information.
1.6.2 Sample Size and Techniques
The study sample collected from the micro insurance policyholders at Salem district in Tamil
Nadu. For purpose of this sample size of 150 policyholders through NGOs located in Salem
district. The present study was used convenient sample techniques.
1.6.3 Data Analysis and Techniques
1. Simple Percentage Analysis
2. Chi-Square
Analysis and Interpretation of the Study
TABLE -1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE POLICYHOLDERS’
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