Анализ темпорально-маркированной лексики в романе марка твена «янки из коннектикута при дворе короля артура»

2.2. Использование архаизмов в романе Марка Твена «Янки из Коннектикута при дворе короля Артура»

1. 
   Грамматические архаизмы
   

1. 
   Грамматические архаизмы обозначающие местоимения
   

Thou – ты
“There were sixteen slaves here. They rose against their master in the night, and thou seest how it ended.”
Thee – вы
“I would I might please thee, sir, and it is to me dole and sorrow that I fail…”
Thy – твой
“Where is thy strange weapon?”
Thine – твой
“My master and thine?”
Б) Грамматические архаизмы формы глагола во 2-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени с окончанием -st 
“…but the part that had immediate interest for me was this…”
“But of a truth she will. She will ride with thee. Thou shalt see.”
В примере мы также наблюдаем использование архаизма shalt (в современном английском ‒ shall).

2. 
   Другие грамматические архаизмы
   

Doth – делает. Устаревшая форма слова do (ед.ч., 3 л.)
“"Is it peradventure that manner of thing which of late the unbelievers have brought from over the great seas, which, being boiled in oil, and an onion and salt added thereto, doth.."” [31].
Art – есть, существовать. Устаревшая форма слова are (ед.ч, 2 л.)
“I had been used to chromos for years, and I saw now that without my suspecting it a passion for art had got worked into the fabric of my being…”[31].

2. 
   Словообразовательные архаизмы
   

Morrow – morning
“…that your power against the sun could not reach its full until the morrow…”
Behold – beholder
“And behold, it was the five patriarchs that had been released from the dungeons the evening before!”

3. 
   Семантические архаизмы
   

Woe – горе
“and take their weal and woe into his impotent hands”
Billow – волна
“for the wind was their way, and it rolled down over their dens in a dense and billowy fog.”
Pray – пожалуйста
“and we all pray you to tell us your name, that we may tell our friends who delivered us out of prison”
Архаизмом является прилагательное «fair», которое в то время обозначало нечто прекрасное и чистое:
“So they rode till they came to a lake, the which was a fair water and broad, and in the midst of the lake Arthur was ware of an arm clothed in white samite, that held a fair sword in that hand [33].”
Нами также зафиксировано использование архаизма «whereof», выступающего в значении «с чего, из которого»
“So they came unto Carlion, whereof his knights were passing glad [33].”
Другой архаизм, употребленный в романе ‒ thereto, значение которого «к тому же, вдобавок»:
“Is it peradventure that manner of thing which of late the unbelievers have brought from over the great seas, which, being boiled in oil, and an onion and salt added thereto…[33].”
Для выражения собственного мнения часто употребляемой была фраза «methinks». Укажем на использование данного архаизма в романе:
“"-were not the best way, methinks, albeit it is not to be denied that authorities differ as concerning this point, some contending that the onion is but an unwholesome berry…[33].”
В следующем примере использован архаизм «ghastly word» ‒ «страшное слово» янки, которые представляли комбинации из сложных немецких слов-фраз с целью создания юмористического эффекта:
“When it was finished I stood up on the platform and extended my hands abroad, for two minutes, with my face uplifted—that always produces a dead hush—and then slowly pronounced this ghastly word with a kind of awfulness which caused hundreds to tremble… [33]”
«Interdict» ‒ это архаизм, обозначающий отлучение от церкви ‒ наказание, налагавшееся в средние века римскими папами и католическими епископами на отдельных лиц, области и даже государства:
“ Now I knew! Now I understood the stupendous calamity that had overtaken England. Invasion? Invasion is a triviality to it. It was the Interdict! [33]”
Г) Лексические архаизмы
Loins – чресла. Полностью устарело и может быть непонятно для носителей языка.
“I was in the simplest and comfortablest of gymnast costumes-flesh-colored tights from neck to heel, with blue silk puffings about my loins, and bareheaded.” [31].
Nay – нет.
“Nay, I were a fool to fling me into hell for his accommodation.” [31].
Forfeit – расплата. Лексический архаизм,
“It is the decree of the court that she forfeit to the said lord bishop all her goods, even to the last farthing that she doth possess, and be thereto mulcted in the costs.” [31].
Так же лексическим архаизмом будет являться слово “dight” – наряженный
“…And how strange is this marvel, and how awful—that to the one perception it is enchanted and dight in a base and shameful aspect…”