2.
Literary activity of Upton Sinclair and Sinclair Lewis
Probably no writer is further from this optimistic view of the passage to America, the immigrant
encounter and the condition of the poor, than
Upton Sinclair
(1878–1968). Born to a prominent but
impoverished family in Maryland and educated in New York City, Sinclair wrote six novels before
publishing the book that made him famous, The Jungle. The Jungle first appeared serially in Appeal to
Reason, a weekly socialist journal, and then was released in book form in 1906. Sinclair had joined the
Socialist Party of America in 1904; and, in the same year, he had spent seven weeks living among the
men and women who labored in the stockyards of Chicago. A powerful study of the inhuman living and
working conditions of the workers, and the unsanitary methods of production in the stockyards, The
Jungle clearly reflected Sinclair’s commitment to socialism. “It will open countless ears that have been
deaf to Socialism,” Jack London enthused after he had read the novel. “It will make thousands of converts
to our cause.” However, Finley Peter Dunne was nearer the mark when he had Mr. Dooley observe that,
since Sinclair’s book came
out, “th’ President, like th’ rest iv us, has become a viggytaran.” The Jungle was enormously successful.
On its release date, such was the anticipation caused by its earlier serialization in The Appeal to Reason,
the story of its publication was splashed on the front pages of newspapers from coast to coast. So
impressed was President Theodore Roosevelt on reading an advance copy that he invited Sinclair to the
White House to discuss the issues it raised. And, in the next several decades, it was translated into 47
languages in 39 countries, making Sinclair equally famous abroad and at home. It did not, however,
promote the cause of socialism so much as it did that of food hygiene. Sinclair’s major purpose in writing
The Jungle had been to attack “wage slavery,” the oppression of the workers in a place he called
Packingtown. Scarcely a dozen pages in the book were devoted to the gruesome details of meat
production. It was these, however, that hit a nerve, leading directly to the passing of the Beef Inspection
Act and the first Pure Food and Drug Act. Sinclair himself perceived the irony and summed it up nicely.
“I aimed at the public’s heart,” he said, “and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”
As the portrait of another America than the commonly accepted and celebrated one, The Jungle is
the most vivid and lasting example of what was called at the time the muckraking movement. The term,
devised by Roosevelt, described those writers who, around the turn of the twentieth century, devoted
themselves to the exposure of corruption in politics and business. Several leading periodicals of the time
lent their pages to the muckrakers, among them McClure’s, Collier’s, and Cosmopolitan.
The fame of
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